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SUMPHYS2 > GI VOPprimer > Flashcards

GI VOPprimer Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 7 functions of the alimentary canal?

A
  1. Ingestion 2. Secretion 3. Mechanical digestion 4. Propulsion 5. Chemical digestion 6. Absorption 7. Excretion
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2
Q

Are the contents of the alimentary canal internal or external?

A

External! Then only what we want to absorb comes to the internal part of the body.

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3
Q

What are the 2 control mechanisms of the absorption of the alimentary tract?

A

The enteric nervous system and local reflexes.

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4
Q

How would you describe the action potentials that occur within the alimentary canal?

A

They are auto-rhythmic and occur in bursts (multiple depolarizations right after one another).

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5
Q

What are the 4 layers of the alimentary canal?

A
  1. Mucosa- inner most layer, made up of stratified squamous cells in the mouth —> columnar cells within the stomach.
  2. Submucosa- loose connective tissue layer, contains vessels, nerves, and lymphocytes.
  3. Muscularis externa- 2 layers with circumferential (inner) and longitudinal (outer).
  4. Adventitia/serosa
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6
Q

What are the 2 different types of movement within the GI tract?

A
  1. Peristalsis = wave of contraction posteriorly and relaxation anterior to the chyme. 2. Segmentation = lock chyme in the intestine, mix and churn its contents, allowing for absorption.
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7
Q

What are the 3 main arteries that supply the abdomen and what do each of them supply?

A
  1. Celiac artery 2. Superior mesenteric artery - supply small intestine and first 1/3 of the large intestine. 3. Inferior mesenteric artery - supply 2/3 of the large intestine and rectum.
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8
Q

Are the arteries within the abdomen susceptible to PVD?

A

YES! Don’t forget about this!

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9
Q

What is the difference between hunger and appetite?

A

Hunger is a motivational demand or drive for eating. Appetite is a desire for eating a specific food.

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10
Q

What nerve controls the muscles of mastication?

A

CN V - Trigeminal N.

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11
Q

What are the muscles of mastication and what roles do each of them play in eating?

A
  • Buccinators and genioglossus —> positioning of food. - Pterygoids —> grinding movements - Masseters + Temporalis —> raise the jaw and bite.
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12
Q

What is the mechanism of salivation?

A

Hypothalamus activates the superior salivatory nucleus within the brainstem —> stimulate the facial nerve, traveling down to the submandibular ganglion —> submandibular and sublingual glands to stimulate salivation.

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13
Q

What are the 5 steps of swallowing?

A
  1. Tongue pushes the food back. 2. Soft palate seals the nose from the throat. 3. Throat muscles squeeze the food down. 4. Vocal cords close to prevent choking. 5. Esophagus opens to let food down to the stomach.
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14
Q

Is swallowing controlled by skeletal or smooth muscles?

A

Skeletal muscles! —> then smooth muscles take over in the esophagus to push food down.

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15
Q

Where does pepsin come from and what does it do?

A

It is secreted from the glands in the wall of the stomach —> breaks down proteins within the stomach.

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16
Q

What is the purpose of rugae?

A

Surface folding that increases the surface area of the stomach.

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17
Q

What are haustrations?

A

Bulging of the large intestine during contraction of the teniae coli and circular muscles.

18
Q

What substances are absorbed in the large intestine?

A

Water and some vitamins.

19
Q

What gives humans the motivation to defecate?

A

Pressure within the rectum d/t build up of stool.

20
Q

What are the 2 sphincters within the rectum and anal canal, and which are under voluntary control?

A

Internal rectal sphincter — smooth mm, involuntary control. External rectal sphincter — skeletal mm, voluntary control.

21
Q

What tract within the spinal cord is responsible for allowing defecation?

A

Corticospinal tract!

22
Q

What is the role of mucus in the GI tract?

A

It is a protective substance that facilitates movement and protects the lining of the GI tract.

23
Q

What are the 4 types of glands within the GI tract?

A
  1. Single cell/Goblets —> secrete mucus. 2. Pits 3. Tubular 4. Complex salivary gland
24
Q

What is saliva made of?

A

99% water, 1% digestive enzymes, mucus, IgA antibodies, and electrolytes.

25
Q

How is the amount of secretion changed with parasympathetic and sympathetic activation?

A

Parasympathetic: activated when eating —> promotes enzyme rich saliva release. Sympathetic: reduced production, and of what is released, it is mostly water.

26
Q

What do mucus neck cells secrete?

A

Mucus and bicarbonate

27
Q

What do parietal cells secrete?

A

Gastric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor (important for Vit B12 metabolism).

28
Q

What do enterochromaffin-like cells secrete?

A

Histamine —> which stimulates acid production in the parietal cells.

29
Q

What do chief cells secrete?

A

Pepsinogen (precursor of pepsin) and gastric lipase.

30
Q

What do D cells secrete?

A

Somatostatin (which inhibits acid)

31
Q

What do G cells secrete?

A

Gastrin —> which stimulates acid production.

32
Q

What is pernicious anemia?

A

Autoimmune destruction of parietal cells in the stomach —> decreased intrinsic factor —> B12 deficiency.

33
Q

What accessory organ of the GI tract is important in sugar metabolism?

A

The pancreas!

34
Q

How does the pancreas metabolize sugar?

A

Via insulin.

35
Q

What other compounds does the pancreas help to break down? How?

A
  • Proteins via the release of proteases. - Fats via the release of cholecystokinin —> activates gallbladder motion stimulation. - Acid via the release of secretin.
36
Q

What activates the pancreas to secrete all these enzymes necessary for metabolism?

A

Simulation via the vagus nerve.

37
Q

What is the name of the entrance from the pancreas to the duodenum?

A

Sphincter of Oddi.

38
Q

What organ produces bile? How does the bile get into the duodenum?

A

The liver! It secretes bile into the hepatic duct —> to the common bile duct —> through the sphincter of oddi —> duodenum.

39
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

The gallbladder!

40
Q

What is the function of bile?

A

Emulsifies fats.

41
Q

Which portion of the small intestine has the largest amount of peyer’s patches?

A

The end of the ileum.

42
Q

What is the primary function of the large intestine?

A

Dehydrate stool via absorption of water.

SUMPHYS2 (27 decks)

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