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Dosimetry > Vocabulary > Flashcards

Vocabulary Flashcards

0
Q

accuracy

A

closeness of a measurement

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1
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Same side

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2
Q

precision

A

how reproducible or consistent a measurement is

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3
Q

electrostatic force or Coulomb F

A

force b/n charged particles like e- & nucleus

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4
Q

strong nuclear force

A

force b/n p+ & n in nucleus

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6
Q

intensity

A

of photons per unit area

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6
Q

divergence

A

widening of the beam, but travel in straight line

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7
Q

attenuation

A
  • intensity of the beam decr as beam is attenuated

- combo of absorption & scatter

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9
Q

absorption means

A

all E given up

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10
Q

transmission is

A

passing thru matter w/o being affected

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10
Q

mass E absorption coef

A

probability of E absorption thru photon interaction

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11
Q

scatter is

A

change in direction

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12
Q

saturation

A

add of more voltage does not result in more ionization

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13
Q

recombination

A

rejoining of + & - ions which then fails to be counted

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15
Q

commissioning

A

calib & gathering of beam data for linac prior to pt tx

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16
Q

acceptance testing

A

testing of linac to verify it meets performance stds & safety req prior to pt use

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17
Q

threshold dose

A

dose of rad @ which biological response is noted

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18
Q

therapeutic ratio

A
  • ratio of dose response b/n norm cells & tumor cells

- norm tissue tol dose/tumor lethal dose

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19
Q

tort law

A

law governs rights b/n indiv in noncriminal actions

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20
Q

integral dose meaning

A

total dose imparted to tissue/med during irrad

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22
Q

systemic errors are within

A

measuring device

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23
Q

random errors results to

A

chance that are unavoidable

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24
Q

blunders

A
  • human error

- in calc or improper use of measuring device

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25
Q

linac temp

A
  • 40 dec C

- 104 deg F

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25
Q

cerrobend melting point

A

74 deg C

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26
Q

sentinel node is

A

primary drainage lymph node

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27
Q

chemo drug associated with cardiotoxicity w/radiation

A

doxorubicin (adriamycin)

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28
Q

positive contrast shows as

A

white; high Z

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29
Q

tonsils produce

A

lymphocytes

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30
Q

thymus location

A

along trachea sup to heart & post to sternum

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31
Q

thoracic duct location

A

L side of body

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32
Q

MRI uses ? in body

A

p+

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33
Q

NM Tc 99m emits

A

gamma rays

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34
Q

binding E of nucleus represents

A

mass defect in the nucleus

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35
Q

outer shell e- based on

A

chemical properties

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36
Q

ionization is

A

addition or removal of an e- from orbit

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37
Q

excitation is

A

incr in E raises an e- to higher orbital shell

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38
Q

betas result from

A

radioactive decay

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39
Q

alphas result from

A

radioactive decay

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40
Q

gamma originates from

A

nucleus

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41
Q

isotope has same

A

Z

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42
Q

isotone has same

A

n

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43
Q

isobar has same

A

A

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44
Q

isomer has same

A

same A & Z

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45
Q

LET definition

A

deposition of E measured per unit path length

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46
Q

n LET #

A

23kev/micrometer

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47
Q

monoenergetic (homogeneous) HVL thickness

A

every HVL is same thickness b/c E of beam always same

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48
Q

x-ray & gamma LET #

A

< 3.5 kev/micrometer

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49
Q

what does the 1st HVL do

A

“hardens” the beam by absorbing low E photons

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49
Q

2nd HVL

A

“hardened” from 1st

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51
Q

does the 2nd HVL harden the beam?

A

yes- “hardened” from 1st

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52
Q

does the 3rd HVL harden the beam?

A

yes-“hardened” from 2nd BUT ***HVL beyond this point does NOT increase

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53
Q

E measured in:

A

J or e- volt

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54
Q

HVL definition

A

absorbed thickness that attenuates orig intensity to 50%

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55
Q

mean free path definition

A

absorbed thickness that attenuates beam intensity to 1/e= 36.8%

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56
Q

EPID metal plate converts incident x-rays into

A

e-

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57
Q

homogeneity index is

A

degree of dose uniformity in target volume

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57
Q

brachy task group

A

TG43

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58
Q

QA task group

A

TG40

59
Q

clinical ref dosimetry output task group

A

TG51 (new) or TG21 (old)

61
Q

file transfer protocol (FTP) transfers

A

large files over internet

62
Q

dicom rt contains

A

images, structure, dose, iso..

63
Q

dicom transfers

A

digital images

64
Q

PACS stands for

A

picture archiving communication system

65
Q

photon dmax is depth where what 2 things are =?

A

dose & kerma

66
Q

pinning is the use of

A

reference points on skin for s/u

67
Q

triangulation means using

A

3 points of reference

68
Q

physical penumbra is defined as the

A
  • lat distance b/n 2 specific isodose curves at dmax

- often 90% & 20%

69
Q

backscatter is the radiation

A

scattered back toward surface of pt

70
Q

collimator setting is the field size

A
  • set @ collimator when fs at 100 cm

- so 10x10 coll=10x10 fs on skin at 100 SSD

71
Q

backscatter depends on (3)

A

-beam E, beam geometry, scatter

72
Q

verification ensures

A
  • volume is correct

- aka port films

72
Q

bolus

A
  • replaces missing tissue
  • reduction of e- beam penetration
  • incr skin dose
  • compensates for lack of scatter
  • unnecessary for superficial beams
74
Q

integral dose is the product of

A

mass x dose

75
Q

peta

A
  • P

- 10^15

76
Q

tera

A
  • T

- 10^12

77
Q

giga

A
  • G

- 10^9

78
Q

mega

A
  • M

- 10^6

79
Q

kilo

A
  • k

- 10^3

80
Q

hecto

A
  • h

- 10^2

81
Q

deka

A
  • da

- 10^1

82
Q

deci

A
  • d

- 10^-1

83
Q

centi

A
  • c

- 10^-2

84
Q

milli

A
  • m

- 10^-3

85
Q

micro

A
  • u

- 10^-6

86
Q

nano

A
  • n

- 10^-9

87
Q

pico

A
  • p

- 10^-12

88
Q

femto

A
  • f

- 10^-15

89
Q

buildup region is where

A

b/n surface & dmax

90
Q

isodose curve definition

A

one passing thru points of equal dose & representing % of dose @ ref point

91
Q

geometric field size is defined by

A

intersection of 50% isodose line & surface

92
Q

beam flatness is produced by a ?

A

flattening filter that reduces dose along cax @ specific depth, usu 10 cm

93
Q

integral dose unit

A

J/kg or Gy-kg

94
Q

random errors examples

A
  • accidental movement of pt during setup

- electronic noise

95
Q

sarcoma is what tissue

A

connective

96
Q

carcinoma is what tissue

A

epithelium

97
Q

thoracic duct size relating to R duct

A

larger

98
Q

betas are emitted from

A

nucleus

99
Q

betas are

A

e- that are positively or negatively charged

100
Q

EMR speed

A

speed of light = 3 x 10^8 m/s or 3 x 10^10 cm/s

101
Q

isotope has different #

A

n

102
Q

isotone has different #

A

p+

103
Q

isobar has different #

A

p+

104
Q

e- resting E

A

0.511 MeV

105
Q

n resting E

A

939.5 MeV

106
Q

n mass

A

1.68 x 10^-26 kg

107
Q

p+ resting E

A

938.2 MeV

108
Q

p+ mass

A

1.67 x 10^-27 kg

109
Q

LET unit

A

kev/micrometer

110
Q

p+ LET #

A

23 kev/micrometer

111
Q

alpha LET #

A

53 kev/micrometer

112
Q

polyenergetic (heterogeneous) HVL thickness

A

thickness increases from 1st HVL to 3rd HVL

113
Q

dicom stands for

A

digital imaging & communication in medicine

114
Q

PACS stores info for different

A

modalities

115
Q

photon dmax is max range of what

A

secondary e-

116
Q

photon dmax is depth where what occurs

A

e- equilibrium

117
Q

geometric field is same shape as

A

collimator but not same size

118
Q

cerrobend consists of

A
  • 50% Bi
  • 26.7% Pb
  • 13.3% Sn
  • 10% Cd
119
Q

cerrobend has ? Z

A

high

120
Q

cerrobend has ? density

A

high

121
Q

cerrobend cools at what temperature

A

room

122
Q

cerrobend weight compared to Pb

A

lighter

123
Q

cerrobend melts at what temp

A

70deg C or 158 deg F

124
Q

how much dose cerrobend block weigh

A

5-25lbs

125
Q

what is thickness of cerrobend block

A

6-8 cm

126
Q

thickness of cerrobend compared to Pb

A

20% greater

127
Q

cerrobend attenuation

A

attenuates less than 5% of unblocked beam intensity

128
Q

PTV req’d for

A

conformal tx plan

129
Q

integral dose unit

A

gram-rad, kg-Gy, J

130
Q

integral dose compares

A

dose distrib for different quality beams

131
Q

increase E, ? integral dose

A

decrease

132
Q

HVT is equivalent to

A
  • penetration
  • quality
  • hardness
133
Q

HVT is the thickness of material that

A

decreases intensity of beam to half original value

134
Q

does penumbra depends on distance?

A

yes

135
Q

1 joule = ? erg

A

10^7

136
Q

1 Ci = ? Bq

A 
3.7 x 10^10
37 MBq (1 mCi)
137
Q

1 eV = ? J

A

1.6 x 10^-19

138
Q

1 R = ? C/kg

A

2.58 x 10^-4

139
Q

1 rad = ? Gy & ? cGy

A

10^-2 Gy

1 cGy

140
Q

1 rem = ? Sv & ? cSv

A

10^-2 Sv

1 cSv

141
Q

Velocity of light

A

3 x 10^8 m/s

142
Q

Base of natural logarithms

A

e = 2.7183

143
Q

Electronic charge q =

A

1.602 x 10^-19 C

144
Q

Electron mass

A

9.11 x 10^-31 kg

145
Q

Fluence

A

Number of photons passing through a unit cross sectional area

146
Q

Fluence rate (flux)

A

Number of photons passing through a unit cross sectional area per unit time

Dosimetry (53 decks)

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