Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BIO 175-10 LAB & LEC > Vitamins & Minerals > Flashcards

Vitamins & Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

what are VITAMINS?

A
  • ORGANIC MOLECULES that are needed only in SMALL QUANTITIES
  • help for NORMAL METABOLISM, BIOCHEMICAL FXNS - GROWTH REPAIR/TISSUE REPAIR
  • natural sources - from PLANTS & ANIMALS
  • attaches to CO/ENZYMES > activates the ANABOLIC PROCESSES *helps build tissues!
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are our FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS?

A
  • VITAMINS A, D, E, and K
  • stored in the LIVER & FATTY TISSUES
  • can have a DEFICIENCY after more long-term deprivation
  • not really required to have daily intake
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

describe VITAMIN A & its SOURCES

A
  • is FAT SOLUBLE
  • found in RETINOL FOOD SOURCES; liver, fish, dairy, green veggie, yellow-orange veggies
  • mainly found in CAROTENES

examples;
RETINOL
RETINYL PALMITATE
RETINYL ACETATE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

functions of VITAMIN A

A
  • important for GROWTH and BONE DEVELOPMENT - BONE & TEETN (MORPHOGENESIS)
  • NIGHT & NORMAL VISION (RHODOPSIN)
  • REPRODUCTION
  • INTEGRITY of MM and EPITHELIUM
  • important for SYNTHESIS of CHOL & STEROIDS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

indications for VITAMIN A

A
  • can be a DIETARY SUPPLEMENT; infants & pregnant women
  • for HYPERKERATOSIS of the SKIN/NIGHT BLINDNESS
  • for the SKIN; ACNE/PSORIASIS, ISOTRETINOIN, FOLLICULARIS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

symptoms of VITAMIN A TOXICITY

A
  • more irritable >:(
  • drowsy
  • delirium
  • vertigo
  • increased ICP in infants
  • skin peeling
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

describe VITAMIN D

A
  • is FAT SOLUBLE
  • known as the “SUNSHINE VITAMIN” :)
  • important for UTILIZATION of CAL & PHOSPHORUS

examples;
VITAMIN D2 (ERGOCALCIFEROL)
- the PLANT VITAMIN D; from our diet

VITAMIN D3 (CHOLECALCIFEROL)
- the SKIN VITAMIN; produced in the skin by UV radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

where do we get VITAMIN D?

A
  • fish liver oils
  • saltwater fish
  • fortified foods; MILK, ORANGE JUICE, CEREAL
  • livers of animals, eggs, butter, dairy
  • endogenous synthesis of the skin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

functions of VITAMIN D

A
  • works with the PARATHYROID HORMONE; helps with regulation ABSORPTION of CAL & PHOSPHORUS
  • important for NORMAL CALCIFICATION of BONE & TEETH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

indications of VITAMIN D

A
  • treats VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY
  • treats RICKETS, TETANY, OSTEOMALACIA
  • prevents OSTEOPOROSIS
  • treats HYPO-
    CALCEMIA/PARATHYROIDISM/PHOSPHATEEMIA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

symptoms of VITAMIN D toxicity

A
  • HT
  • fatigue
  • dry mouth
  • abdominal cramps
  • metallic taste
  • bone pain
  • progression into renal failure or osteoporosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the THREE FORMS of VITAMIN D?

A
  • CALCIFEDIOL (CALDEROL)
  • CALCITRIOL (ROCALTROL)
  • ERGOCALCIFEROL (DRISDOL)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

describe VITAMIN E

A
  • is FAT SOLUBLE
  • has FOUR FORMS; ALPHA, BETA, GAMMA, & DELTA TOCOPHEROL
  • found in both DIETARY & ANIMAL SOURCES
    [fruits, grains, nut, veg. oils, wheat]
    [eggs, chicken, meats, fish]
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

functions of VITAMIN E

A
  • currently is UNKNOWN
  • possible ANTIOXIDANT; possible benefits for CANCER, HEART DZ, PREMENS, SEXUAL DYSFXN
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

indications of VITAMIN E

A
  • type of dietary supp.
  • is an ANTIOXIDANT
  • highest at risk for deficiency - PREMATURE INFANTS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

can VITAMIN E cause ADVERSE EFFECTS?

A
  • only a FEW; assess GI or CNS effects
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

vitamin E toxicity

A
  • can cause HEMOLYSIS of RBCs; seen in infants with LOW GLUCOSE-6-PHOS-DEHYDROGENASE
  • necessity of blood products
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

describe VITAMIN K

A
  • is FAT SOLUBLE
  • has THREE TYPES
  • cannot store a lot of vitamin K
  • is SYNTHESIZED by the INTESTINAL FLORA
  • seen in many green leafy veggies! [broccoli, cabbage, spinach] or cheese or soybean oil
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the THREE TYPES OF VITAMIN K?

A
  • PHYTONADIONE (K1)
  • MENAQUINONE (K2)
  • MENADIONE (K3)
    *all end in -one
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

functions of VITAMIN K

A
  • important for BLOOD SYNTHESIS of COAGULATION FACTORS in the LIVER
  • various clotting factors that are DEPENDENT on VITAMIN K
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what CLOTTING FACTORS are DEPENDENT on VITAMIN K? (4)

A
  • FACTOR II (PROTHROMBIN)
  • FACTOR VII (PROCONVERTIN)
  • FACTOR IX (CHRISTMAS FACTOR…?)
  • FACTOR X (STUART-PROWER FACTOR)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

indications for VITAMIN K

A
  • diet supp.
  • antibiotic therapy or malabsorption
  • can be given PROPHYLACTICALLY for NEWBORNS
  • reverse effects of ANTICOAGULANTS *warfarin - patient becomes unresponsive to warfarin after 1 week of taking vitamin k!
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

vitamin C [ASCORBIC C ACID]

A
  • is WATER SOLUBLE
  • comes from NATURAL SOURCES;
    citrus plants or juice, berries, tomatoes, potatoes, cabbage, green veggies (broccoli, spinach…)
  • can be SYNTHESIZED
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

functions of ASCORBIC ACID

A
  • acts in OXIDATION-REDUCTION RXNS
  • important for various METABOLIC ACITVITIES
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what METABOLIC ACTIVITIES does ASCORBIC ACID have a function in?
- COLLAGEN SYNTHESIS - maintains CONNECTIVE TISSUE - TISSUE REPAIR - maintains BONE, TEETH and CAPILLARIES - FOLIC ACID METABOLISM - ERTHYROPOIESIS
26
indications for ASCORBIC ACID
- diet supp. - prevents & treats SCURVY - is a URINARY ACIDIFIER - does not do much as a prophylactic for the common cold
27
what can occur if we give ASCORBIC ACID in MEGADOSES?
- causes N/V, headaches, abdominal cramps - more acid-based urine/stone formation - abrupt discontinuing > causes SCURVY-LIKE SYMPTOMS
28
define MINERALS
- are INORGANIC ELEMENTS or SALTS - binds with ENZYMES or OTHER ORGANIC MOLECULES - helps to REGULATE a LOT OF BODY FXNS - are the typical BUILDING BLOCKS for the body - important for INTRA & EXTRACELLULAR BODY FLUID ELECTROLYTES
29
what are the TWO TYPES OF MINERALS?
- MACROMINERALS (needed more in the body) - MICROMINERALS or TRACE ELEMENTS (only have small quantities in the body)
30
what happens when minerals come in contact with water?
- they DISSOLVE - separation into either POSITIVE or NEGATIVE CHARGED IONS (CATION or ANION)
31
describe CALCIUM
- the MOST ABUNDANT MINERAL in the body - is around 2% of our BODY WEIGHT - highest conc seen in the BONES & TETH - for optimal ABSORPTION; need enough VITAMIN D - important for GROWING CHILDREN and PREGNANT WOMEN
32
where is calcium found?
- many foods! - dairy or milk - calcium-fortified orange juice - sardines or salmon
33
functions of CALCIUM
- important for the NERVOUS, MUSC., SKELETAL SYSTEMS - important CATALYST in ENZYME RXNS - transmits NERVE IMPULSES - important for MUSC CONTRACTION - important for RENAL FXN, RESP, and BLOOD COAGULATION
34
calcium deficiency
known as HYPOCALCEMIA - INFANTILE RICKETS - adult OSTEOMALACIA - OSTEOPOROSIS
35
what CAUSES CALCIUM DEFICIENCY?
- decreased intake of CAL or VITAMIN D - HYPOPARATHYROIDISM - MALABSORPTION SYNDROME
36
indications for CALCIUM (9)
- ADULT OSTEOMALACIA - HYPOPARATHYROIDISM - TETANY or INFANTILE RICKETS - MUSC CRAMPS - OSTEOPOROSIS - RENAL INSUFFICIENCY/FAILURE - STEATORRHEA - PREGNANCY/LACTATION - VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY
37
hypercalcemia
- can cause cardiac irregularities, delirium or comas - often due to N&V, constipation, anorexia
38
drug interactions for CALCIUM
- causes CHELATION; the CAL salts can BIND to TETRACYCLINES >> creates an INSOLUBLE COMPLEX - interaction with DIGOXIN if the patient has HYPERCALCEMIA >> can cause CARDIAC DYSRHYTHMIAS
39
describe MAGNESIUM
- one of main CATIONS of the iNTRACELLULAR FLUID - important for ENZYME SYSTEMS for ENERGY METABOLISM - important for NERVE PHYSIOLOGY or MUSCLE CONTRACTION
40
where is MAGNESIUM FOUND?
- green leafy veggies! - meats/seafood/milk/cheese/yogurt - bran cereal or nuts - often needed more if patient's diet is HIGH in PROTEIN, CALC, or PHOSPHORUS
41
what can cause HYPOMAGNESEMIA?
- malabsorption - ALCOHOLISM - long term IV feedings - DIURETICS/PPIs - hyperthyroidism/diabetic keto.
42
indications of MAGNESIUM
- treating MAGNESIUM DEFICIENCY - ANTICONVULSANT - PREECLAMPSIA/ECLAMPSIA - can inhibit UTERINE CONTRACTIONS in PREMATURE LABOR - treat PEDIATRIC ACUTE NEPHROPATHY - treat CARDIAC DYSRHY. - short-term treatment for CONSTIPATION
43
adverse effects of HYPERMAGNESEMIA
- TENDON REFLEX LOSSES - more difficulties in BM - CNS depression/RESP. DISTRESS - HYPOthermia - heart block
44
zinc
- is a TRACE ELEMENT - important for METABOLIC REACTIONS of the PROTEINS & CARBS - important for NORMAL TISSUE GROWTH & WOUND REPAIR
45
where is ZINC FOUND?
- red meats - livers - OYSTERS - milk - eggs - beans - nuts/fortified cereals - seafood
46
what are some IMPORTANT NURSING IMPLICATIONS to ASSESS?
- what is the patient's nutritional status? - what is their baseline lab values? - what medications are they taking? - ensuring proper counseling of nutritional foods in diets - monitoring proper therapeutic responses
47
what are our WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS?
- the B-COMPLEX GROUP - VITAMIN C
48
describe WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
- can be DISSOLVED in water - more EASIER EXCRETION in the urine - CANNOT be stored in the body by large amounts - need more of a DAILY INTAKE - acts as COENZYMES or OXIDATION-REDUCTION AGENTS
49
what are our VITAMIN B COMPLEX DRUGS? (7)
- THIAMINE (B1) - RIBOFLAVIN (B2) - NIACIN (B3) - PANTOTHENIC ACID (B5) - PYRIDOXINE (B6) - FOLIC ACID (B9) - CYANOCOBALAMIN (B12)
50
vitamin B1 - thiamine
- is WATER SOLUBLE - food sources; WHOLE GRAIN BREADS, CEREALS, LIVER, BEANS or YEAST
51
vitamin B1 - thiamine DEFICIENCIES
- can cause BERBERI; BRAIN LESIONS/ PN of the PERIPHERAL NERVES/CARDIAC CHANGES - can cause WERNICKE'S ENCEPHALOPATHY -- aka CEREBRAL BERIBERI
52
what can CAUSE VITAMIN B1 DEFICIENCIES?
- poor diet - fever - HYPERTHYROIDISM - LIVER DZ - ALCOHOLISM - malabsorption - pregnancy
53
FUNCTIONS of VITAMIN B1 - Thiamine
- important for CARB METABOLISM & KREBS CYCLE - maintains the INTEGRITY of the PNS, CARDIO SYS, and the GI TRACT
54
indications for VITAMIN B1
- WERNICKE's ENCEPHALOPATHY - PERIPHERAL NEURITIS - NEURITIS OF PREG - MALABSORPTION - ORAL INSECT REPELLENT
55
describe VITAMIN B2 - RIBOFLAVIN
- is WATER SOLUBLE - can be found in green veggies/eggs/dairy/nuts/meat/yeast
56
what can cause DEFICIENCIES of VITAMIN B2 - RIBOFLAVIN?
- ALCOHOLISM is the main cause - liver dz/intestinal malabsorption
57
functions of VITAMIN B2 - RIBOFLAVIN
- needed to activate VITAMIN B6 (PYRIDOXINE) - helps convert TRYPTOPHAN into NIACIN - helps to maintain ERYTHOCYTE INTEGRITY - helps to maintain NORMAL RESP. FXNS
58
deficiency in VITAMIN B2 - RIBOFLAVIN
- can create CUTANEOUS, ORAL, and CORNEAL CHANGES - CHEILOSIS (chappted lips) - DERMATITIS - KERATITIS
59
indications for VITAMIN B2 - RIBOFLAVIN
- diet supp. - microcytic anemia - acne - migraine headaches
60
riboflavin adverse effects
- no big adverse effects - larger doses; can cause more YELLOW-ORANGE URINE
61
describe VITAMIN B3 - NIACIN
- is WATER SOLUBLE - can come from BEANS/TURKEY/BREADS/WHEAT/LIVER - synthesized from TRYPTOPHAN - important amino acid to digest proteins
62
functions of NIACIN
- converted into NICOTINAMIDE once digested; converted into TWO COENZYMES - important for; GLYCOGENOLYSIS - TISSUE RESPIRATION LIPID/PROTEIN/PURINE METABOLISM
63
indications for NIACIN
- prevents & treats PERILAGRA - type of ANTIHYPERLIPIDEMIC DRUG; lowers TRI/CHOL LEVELS
64
niacin deficiency
- can cause PELLAGRA; niacin deficiency - MENTAL/NEUROLOGIC SYMPTOMS - cutaneous; CRUSTING, ERYTHEMA - can INFLAME the MMs
65
adverse effects of NIACIN
- seen in more HIGHER DOSES when treating HYPERLIPIDEMIA - causes; FLUSHING PRURITUS GI DISTRESS
66
describe VITAMIN B6
- is WATER SOLUBLE - seen in more WHOLE GRAINS/WHEAT/NUTS/BANANAS/VEGGIES/POULTRY
67
what THREE COMPOUNDS make up VITAMIN B6?
- PYRIDOXINE - PYRIDOXAL - PYRIDOXAMINE *all start with PY
68
function of VITAMIN B6 (PYRIDOXINE)
- important for METABOLIC FXNS - protein/lipids/carbs - helps to CONVERT TRYPTOPHAN to NIACIN - important for INTEGRITY of PN, SKIN, MM
69
deficiency in VITAMIN B6
- sideroblastic anemia - dermatitis - cheilosis - glossitis/stomatitis - epileptiform convulsions
70
what causes vitamin B6 deficiency?
- poor intake or absorption - uremia/alcoholism/hyperthyroidism/cirrhosis/HF - drug induced - ISONIAZID/HYDRALAZINE
71
indications for VITAMIN B6 (PYRIDOXINE)
- seizures - morning sickness - metabolic disorders
72
vitamin b6 - pyridoxine toxicity
- can cause NEUROTOXICITY
73
vitamin b12 - CYANOCOBALAMIN
- is WATER SOLUBLE - synthesized by MICROORGANISMS - food sources; LIVER/KIDNEY/FISH/EGGS/BLUE CHEESE - can be seen in plants; minimal
74
functions for VITAMIN B12
- important for many METABOLIC PATHWAYS; FAT & CARB METABOLISM/replication of cells/ HEMATOPOIESIS/MYELIN SYNTHESIS - is an important COENZYME
75
deficiency in VITAMIN b12
- causes PERNICIOUS ANEMIA - can cause NEUROLOGIC DAMAGE/MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA - can be caused by POOR DIET INTAKE
76
oral absorption of B12
- needs INTRINSIC FACTOR from the GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS **is a GLYCOPROTEIN

BIO 175-10 LAB & LEC (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions