Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO 175-10 LAB & LEC > The Cell > Flashcards

The Cell Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a cell?

A

the structural & functional unit of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are organelles?

A

small structures within cells with specialized functions - depending on their shape and form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

cytology

A

the study of cell structure and function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the three distinct features of a human cell?

A
  • the plasma membrane
  • the cytoplasm
  • the nucleus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

*callback question
what is the hiearchy of organization?

A
  1. atom
  2. molecule/compound
  3. organelles
  4. cells
  5. tissue
  6. organ
  7. organ systems
  8. organism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

plasma membrane

A

flexible yet sturdy barrier that surrounds and contains the cytoplasm of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the plasma membrane made of?

A
  • composed of a bilayer of lipids w/ protein molecules dispensed in it
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

describe the lipid molecules within the plasma membrane.

A
  • created with hydroPHILIC heads & hydroPHOBIC tails
  • creation of both nonpolar & polar regions aka amphipathic molecules
  • makes up of 75% of the membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what else is the plasma membrane made of besides phospholipids?

A
  • Cholesterol cells: make up of 20% [helps maintain the membrane and keeps integrity - glue of membrane]
  • Glycoproteins/glycolipids: make up of 5% [energy source & cell recognition]
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are membrane proteins?

A

proteins that allow communication with the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how many types of membrane proteins do we have?

A

2; peripheral & integral
- peripheral: temporarily attached to membrane - simple makers for the cell
- integral: permanently attached to membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the functions of the membrane proteins? (hint: there’s 6)

A
  1. transport
  2. receptors for signal transduction
  3. attachment to cytoskeleton & extracellular matrix
  4. enzymatic activity
  5. intercellular joining
  6. cell-cell recognition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the integral proteins?

A
  • Ion Channels
  • carriers
  • receptors
  • glycoproteins/cell identity markers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the peripheral membrane proteins?

A
  • enzyme (can also be INTEGRAL)
  • linkers (can also be INTEGRAL)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

transport - membrane protein

A

provides channel that is selective for specific solute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

receptor: signal transduction - membrane protein

A

becomes a binding site for specific chemical messengers (hormones); they can change shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

cytoskeleton attachment + extracellular matrix - membrane protein

A

anchoring of membrane proteins; helps maintain cell shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

enzymatic activity - membrane proteins

A

help catalyze steps within cell processes; metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Ion Channel

A
  • integral protein
  • specific pore allowing flow of specific ions in/out of membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Carriers

A
  • integral protein
  • transportation of spec. substances and undergo shape changes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Receptors

A

recognition of specific ion/molecules, ligands which can alter the cell’s function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Enzymes

A
  • integral & peripheral proteins
  • catalyzes reaction inside or outside of the cell depending on active sites
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Linkers

A
  • integral and peripheral protein
  • maintains stability and shape of the cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are cell junctions?

A

cellular structures consisting of multiprotein complexes–providing contact or adhesion between cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what kind of cell junctions do we have?

A
  • desmosomes
  • tight junctions
  • gap junctions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

tight junctions

A

junction that forms a continuous seal around cells
- similar to a zipper :) (it is impermeable)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

desmosomes

A

junction that binds adjacent cells together; helps in forming internal tension - reducing network of fibers
- similar to buttons :)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

gap junctions

A

junctions that aid in communcation and allows ions and small molecules to pass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

intracellular fluid

A

the fluid found inside cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

cytosol

A

a complex mixture of substances (organelles, nutrients. etc.) dissolved in water (cytoplasm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

extracellular fluid

A

denotes all the body fluid that is outside of the cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what are the two divisions of the ECF?

A
  • blood plasma
  • interstitial fluid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

blood plasma

A

holds the blood cells in whole blood in suspension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

interstitial fluid

A

found within the interstitial spaces - tissue spaces; solution that bathes and surrounds the cells of multicellular animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

plasma membranes are _______________

A

selectively permeable; some molecules pass through easily–some do not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what are the two ways that substances can cross through the membrane?

A
  • passive processes
  • active processes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

concentration gradient

A

the difference in the concentration of a chemical between one side of the plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

electrical gradient

A

the difference in concentration of ions between one side of the plasma membrane and the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what are the passive processes?

A
  • no ATP required
  • moving down a concentration gradient
  • typical within small molecules only
    1. filtration
    2. simple diffusion
    3. facilitated diffusion
    4. osmosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

filtration

A
  • passive process
  • movement of water and solute molecules across the cell membrane due to hydrostatic membrane (generated by cardiovascular sys.)
  • typical within the kidneys
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

simple diffusion

A

net movement of substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until we reach equilibrium
- example: dropping ink into water and its diffusion!

42
Q

what is diffusion influenced by?

A
  • steepness of concentration gradient
  • temperature
  • mass of diffusion substance
  • surface area
  • diffusion distance
43
Q

facilitated diffusion

A
  • passive process
  • this specific diffusion is aided by membrane-transport channels and can bind to carrier proteins
  • carrier-mediated transport
  • ion-channel mediated transport
44
Q

carrier-mediated transport - facilitated diffusion

A
  • usage of carrier proteins
  • transports specific polar molecules (ex. sugars, amino acids) that are too big for the channels
45
Q

ion-channel-mediated - facilitated diffusion

A
  • selectively transports ions or water
  • leakage channels: always open
  • gated channels: controlled by chemical or electrical signals
46
Q

osmosis

A
  • passive process
  • net movement of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high dilution to an area of low dilution
  • typical solvent: water
47
Q

isotonic solution

A

cells retain their normal size–equal concentration gradients both inside and outside (same osmolarity)

48
Q

hypertonic solution

A

cells lose water; begin to shrink or otherwise as known as crenation - the concentration OUTSIDE of the cell has a higher concentration of solutes

49
Q

hypotonic solution

A

cells begin to absorb more water; cells will bloat or burst *hemolysis
- concentration INSIDE the cell has a higher concentration of solutes

50
Q

what are the active processes?

A
  • primary active transport (small molecules)
  • secondary active transport (small molecules)
  • vesicular transport (large molecules)
51
Q

primary active transport

A
  • involves the direct influence of ATP in regards to mass transport
52
Q

secondary active transport

A

required energy indirectly from ionic gradients created from primary active transport
UNIPORTERS - transportation of one substance (one direction)
COTRANSPORTERS: (transport of two types of substances)
- symport pumps: same direction
- antiport pumps: opposite direction

53
Q

vesicular transport

A

transportation usage of vesicles enclosing material

54
Q

what are the types of vesicular transport?

A
  • exocytosis
  • endocytosis
  • endo-phagocytosis
  • endo-pinocytosis
  • endo-receptor-mediated RME
  • exo-transcytosis
55
Q

exocytosis

A

transporting material OUT of the cell

56
Q

endocytosis

A

transporting material INTO the cell

57
Q

endo-phagocytosis

A

cell ingesting solid materials or engulfing materials using pseudopods + combined with lysosomes to kill bacteria WITHIN the cell

58
Q

endo-pinocytosis

A

ingestion of extracellular fluid “cell drinking”

59
Q

endo-recepter-mediated-RME

A

cells begin to absorb metabolites, hormones, and proteins

60
Q

exo-transcytosis

A

combination between endocytosis and exocytosis to move substances from Point A to Point B

61
Q

cytoplasm

A
  • functions as a transport medium
  • aids in suspension of intercellular substances
62
Q

what is the cytoplasm made of?

A
  • cytosol
  • organelles
  • inclusions
63
Q

cytoskeleton

A

elaborate series of rods throughout cytosol; proteins link rods to other cell structure

64
Q

what are the three types of rods found in the cytoskeleton?

A
  • microtubules
  • microfilaments
  • intermediate filaments
65
Q

microfilaments

A
  • aid in mechanical support
  • dynamic strands of ACTIN
  • cell motility, shape changes, endo & exo
66
Q

microtubules

A
  • largest element within the cytoskeleton
  • composed of protein subunits: TUBULIN
67
Q

intermediate filaments

A
  • tough, insoluble protein fibers similar to woven ropes
  • acts as anchor and resists pulling forces
  • TETRAMER subunits
68
Q

centrosomes

A

maintains chromosome number and controls organization of microtubules

69
Q

centrioles

A

helps with cell division and organizes the mitotic spindle in cell division

70
Q

cilia

A

cellular extension that has a fixed location–moves substances across cell surfaces

71
Q

flagella

A

mobile cellular extension–ex. tail of sperm

72
Q

microvilli

A

minute, fingerlike extensions on plasma membrane
- increases surface area for absorption and secretion
- core of ACTIN filaments for stiffening

73
Q

ribosomes

A

workbench of protein synthesis

74
Q

free ribosomes

A

free-floating ribosomes that make soluble proteins (found in cytosol and organelles)

75
Q

membrane-bound ribosomes

A

found on the Rough ER; synthesizes proteins and then can be transported throughout or outside the cell

76
Q

what makes up a complete ribosome?

A
  • large subunit
  • small subunit
77
Q

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A
  • detoxifies chemicals
  • transports substances
  • releases calcium ions for muscle contractions
78
Q

Rough ER

A

synthesizes secretory proteins

79
Q

Smooth ER

A
  • lipid metabolism
  • chemical detoxification
    cholesterol + steroid synthesis
80
Q

golgi apparatus (GA)

A

stacked and flattened membranous sacs
- the cell’s personal UPS
- modifies, concentrates, packages, etc,, from Rough ER
- proteins packaged differently depending on location
- entry - CIS face
- exit - TRANS face

81
Q

lysosomes

A
  • the cell’s personal trash can
  • digestion of ingested bacteria, viruses, toxins
  • process of autolysis
  • breaks down bone to release calcium ions
82
Q

primary lysosomes

A

non-active organelles
- waiting to receive endocytosed material

83
Q

secondary lysosomes

A
  • active organelle
  • formed when primary lysosomes fuse with endocytic vesicles
84
Q

peroxisomes

A

detoxifies harmful toxic substances; neutralizes free radicals

85
Q

mitochondria

A

POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL!!!
- oxidizes substrates turning them into energy
- synthesizes ATP - energy
- has its own DNA (mtDNA) - maternal inheritance of DNA

86
Q

Nucleus

A

largest organelle; blueprint for nearly all cellular problems
- responds to signals; dictates kinds and amounts of protein synthesized
- creation of RNA: mRNA & tRNA

87
Q

nuclear envelope

A
  • membrane bilayer structure that continues with ER
  • has nuclear pores: controls transport
88
Q

nucleolus

A
  • creates ribosomes
  • dark-staining spherical bodies
89
Q

DNA

A
  • double helix shape; supercoiled around histone proteins
  • found within nucleus
90
Q

how many chromosomes do we have?

A
  • 23 pairs of chromosomes
  • 46 chromosomes in total (diploid): full human genetic genome
  • 22 autosomes + last pair sex chromosome (23)
91
Q

karyotype

A

display of full set of 46 chromosomes that are stained, photographed, and arranged

92
Q

what are the bases in DNA?

A

A - adenine
T - thymine
C -cytosine
G - guanine
*in RNA, thymine is replaced with U (uracil)

triplets (ATG, CTA, TTC…) - form genetic library

93
Q

genomics

A

the study of the genome and its relationship to body function

94
Q

mRNA

A

carries the instructions for building a polypeptide, from gene in DNA to ribosomes in cytoplasm

95
Q

tRNA

A

binds to amino acids and pairs with bases of codons of mRNA at ribosome - 1st step of protein synthesis

96
Q

rRNA

A

structural component of ribosomes that help translate message from mRNA

97
Q

transcription

A

(in nucleus)
- dna into mRNA

98
Q

translation

A

(in cytoplasm)
- tRNA to ribosome

99
Q

what are genes composed of?

A
  • exons: code for amino acids
  • introns: noncoding segments
100
Q

mitosis

A

division of nucleus

101
Q

what are the stages of mitosis?

A
  • interphase
  • prophase
  • metaphase
  • anaphase
  • telophase
  • cytokinesis: division of cytoplasm - cleavage furrow

BIO 175-10 LAB & LEC (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions