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BIO 175-10 LAB & LEC > Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Nervous Tissue Flashcards

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1
Q

the nervous system

A
  • the central processing unit (CPU) of the body
  • utilization of the neuroendocrine system & endocrine systems for short term and long term responses
  • the master controlling & communication sys. of the body
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2
Q

how is the nervous system organized?

A

composed of two parts; the CNS (central nervous system) & PNS (peripheral nervous system)

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3
Q

central nervous system

A
  • consists of the BRAIN & SPINAL CORD
  • helps with integration, processing, coordinating info, and higher brain functions
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4
Q

peripheral nervous system

A
  • variation of NERVES + other NEURAL TISSUE outside of the CNS
  • has two functional divisions:
    the AFFERENT (SENSORY) DIVISION & the EFFERENT (MOTOR) DIVISION
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5
Q

types of inputs/information

A
  1. SENSORY INPUT:
    - info gathered by SENSORY RECEPTORS about INTERNAL & EXTERNAL CHANGES (AFFERENT DIVISION)
    ex. senses, sight, hearing

[INTEGRATION: where the PROCESSING & INTERPRETATION OF SENSORY INPUT - decides on the approp. behavior aka the BRAIN]

  1. MOTOR OUTPUT:
    - activator becomes active and CREATION OF “WORK” in RESPONSE (EFFERENT DIVISION)
    ex. muscle, joint, or hormone
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6
Q

sensory (afferent) division of the PNS

A

brings sensory info to the CNS from receptors through the body
- also has TWO DIVISIONS:

  1. SOMATIC SENSORY DIVISION/FIBERS:
    - sensory info from muscles, joints, and special senses, to the CNS
  2. VISCERAL SENSORY DIVISION/FIBERS:
    - sensory info from VISCERAL ORGANS to CNS
    (smooth/cardiac muscle, digestive organs, etc…)
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7
Q

somatic nervous system [motor division]

A
  • is controlled by SOMATIC MOTOR NERVE FIBERS
  • conducts impulses from CNS to skeletal muscle/actions
  • this is a VOLUNTARY NERVOUS SYS. (conscious control of skeletal muscles)
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7
Q

motor (efferent) division of the PNS

A

responsible for transmitting impulses from CNS to EFFECTOR ORGANS:
- often seen in muscles & glands
- also divided into TWO SYSTEMS:
1. SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
2. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEm

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8
Q

autonomic nervous system [motor division]

A
  • controlled by VISCERAL NERVOUS FIBERS
  • helps with the regulation of SMOOTH MUSCLE, CARDIAC MUSCLE, & GLANDS
  • ## this is an INVOLUNTARY NERVOUS SYS.also has two SUBDIVISIONS:
  • SYMPATHETIC: fight or flight response
  • PARASYMPATHETIC: rest & digest response
    *both work in opposition
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9
Q

cells of the nervous system

A
  1. NEUROGLIA/GLIAL CELLS
    - helps with support, regulation, and protection of neurons
  2. NEURONS (NERVE CELLS)
    - helps conduct ELECTRICAL SIGNALS
    - aid in PROCESSING, TRANSFER, & STORAGE OF INFO
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10
Q

what are the CNS glial cells?

A
  • astrocytes
  • oligodendrocytes
  • microglia
  • ependymal cells
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11
Q

what are the PNS glial cells?

A
  • schwann cells (neurolemmocytes)
  • satellite cells
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12
Q

astrocytes

A
  • most ABUNDANT + VERSATILE + HIGHLY BRANCHED glial cells
  • most LARGEST
  • helps control the CHEMICAL/INTERSTITIAL ENVIRONMENT and alter NERVE CELL FUNCTION
  • helps with structural framework/braces neurons
  • creates blood-brain barrier for capillaries and neurons
    (the satellite cells of the CNS)
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13
Q

oligodendrocytes

A
  • creates MYELIN SHEATHS around CNS NERVE FIBERS/AXONS
  • can often appear WHITE in appearance
  • gives proper STRUCTURAL FRAMEWORK
  • helps SPEED UP ACTION POTENTIALS
    (the schwann cells of the CNS)
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14
Q

microglia

A
  • SMALLEST of all glial cells the “clean-up squad”
  • helps injured neurons and helps as PHAGOCYTIC CELLS
  • known as the “DEFENSE CELLS”
  • LEAST NUMEROUS NEUROGLIAL CELLS
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15
Q

ependymal cells

A
  • often shaped like SQUAMOUS or COLUMNAR CELLS (can also have microvilli or cilia)
  • often line our BRAIN & SPINAL CORD CAVITIES
  • assist in the PRODUCTION, CIRCULATION, & MONITORING of CSF
16
Q

schwann cells

A
  • helps form the MYELIN SHEATH in the PNS
  • surrounds the PERIPHERAL AXONS
    helps with NERVE FUNCTION RECOVERY
    (the oligodendrocytes of the PNS)
17
Q

satellite cells

A
  • helps with the PROTECTION OF NEURON CELL BODIES
  • helps with REGULATION OF EXCHANGING of MATERIAL between neurons
18
Q

neuron anatomy/structure

A

DENDRITES:
- stimulation by any environmental changes or activities
- conveys its messages to the cell body through GRADED POTENTIALS (short distance)
CELL BODY:
- contains nucleus & mitochondria, ribosomes, or other organelles
- picks up SIGNALS from DENDRITES
AXON HILLOCK:
- part of the cell body that connects to the axon (helps control the ELECTRICAL IMPULSE)
AXON:
- transmission begins in AXOLEMMA
- conducts the NERVE IMPULSE (AP) toward the synaptic terminals
- ends with the AXON TERMINAL
TELODENRIA (branches):
- helps with the establishment of FXN. CONTACT with the OTHER NERVE CELLS
SYNAPTIC TERMINALS:
- affects another neuron/effector organ (muscle or gland)

19
Q

neuron cell body

A
  • the BIOSYNTHETIC CENTER OF THE NEURON
  • SYNTHESIZES proteins, membranes, and other chemicals
  • ## part of the ROUGH ER
  • NUCLEI:
    clusters of neuron cell bodies within the CNS
  • GANGLIA:
    lies along nerves in PNS
20
Q

myelin sheaths

A
  • consists of MYELIN
  • a WHITEISH, PROTEIN-LIPOID SUBSTANCE
  • ## wrap around LONG AXONS
  • helps PROTECT & INSULATE AXONS
  • helps INCREASE SPEED of NERVE IMPULSE TRANSMISSION
    (non-myelinated fibers CONDUCT IMPULSES MORE SLOWLY)
21
Q

structural classification of neurons

A

MULTIPOLAR:
- has ONE AXON
- has THREE or MORE PROCESSES
- dendrites
- most COMMON; a MAJOR NEURON in the CNS
- considered to be INTERNEURONS or MOTOR NEURONS
BIPOLAR:
- has ONE AXON/ONE DENDRITE
- has TWO PROCESSES (separated by CELL BODY)
- typically considered to be a SENSORY NEURONS (often more RARE - seen in retina & olfactory mucosa)
UNIPOLAR/PSEUDOUNIPOLAR:
- has only ONE SHORT PROCESS
- both branches are considered AXONS - divides like the LETTER “T”
- often considered SENSORY NEURONS

22
Q

demyelination disorders

A

disorders or diseases that can destroy myelin/myelinated axons within the CNS or PNS

23
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

the demyelination of the axons within the OPTIC NERVE, BRAIN, and SPINAL CORD
- progressive and there is NO CURE
- often between ages 30-40
- w>m

24
Q

heavy metal poisoning

A

chronic exposure to lead, mercury, arsenic which can cause demyelination of the axons in PNS/CNS
- mercury espec. can lead to BIRTH DEFECTS due to DESTRUCTION of ASTROCYTES

25
Q

describe the electrical signaling of the membrane potentials

A

MEMBRANE POTENTIAL:
the ELECTRICAL CHARGE across the MEMBRANE of every cell in your body
(often relies on the ELECTROLYTES/IONS within BODY
DISTRIBUTION:
- uneven dist. of CATIONS and ANIONS across the cell membrane creating an UNEVEN ELECTRICAL EQUILIBRIUM

26
Q

what are the principles of electricity?

A

well, what is ELECTRICITY?
- the MOVEMENT OF ELECTRIONS

these ELECTRONS have OPPOSITE CHARGES that ATTRACT EACH OTHER (due to the Law of Conservation of Electrical Charge - cation+anion)
- ENERGY IS REQUIRED IN THIS
- ENERGY IS LIBERATED when CHARGES MOVE TOWARD EACH OTHER
———————————————————————SEPARATION: the system now has POTENTIAL ENERGY

27
Q

how are insulators & conductors related to electricity?

A

both INSULATORS & CONDUCTORS are types of RESISTANCES to these CHARGES:
- INSULATOR:
a substance with HIGH electrical resistance; material that separates charges if they CANNOT MOVE
- CONDUCTOR:
a substance with LOW electrical resistance; material that moves the freely moving (+) & (-) charges

28
Q

neural regeneration

A
  • ## has the LIMITED ABILITY TO RECOVER; they are AMITIOIC (cannot be replaced b/c neurons do not undergo mitosis/ or due to lack of centrosomes)
    1. Distal axons DEGENERATE & are PHAGOCYTOSED
    2. MULTIPLICATION of SCHWANN CELLS - the creation of CELLULAR CORD
    3. RELEASE of GROWTH FACTOR from SCHWANN CELL (helps the axon regrow to the original path)

*not guaranteed growth

BIO 175-10 LAB & LEC (14 decks)

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