Lab Practical Exam 1 Flashcards
what are the cranial bones of the skull?
- frontal bone
- parietal bone
- occipital bone
- sphenoid bone
- ethmoid bone
- temporal bone
frontal bone
- anterior portion of the cranium
- the superior wall of orbits
- contains supraorbital notch: passageway for supraorbital nerve
foramen magnum
large opening which the brain connects to the spinal cord
nuchal lines
muscle attachment for posterior neck muscles
hypoglossal foramen
where CN XII (hypoglossal nerve) passes
occipital condyles
directly articulates with the C1 vertebrae for the “yes’’ movement
mandibular fossa
helps form the TMJ; receives the condylar process of the mandible
mastoid process & styloid process function
anchoring sites for muscles for mastication
jugular foramen
allows passage for internal jugular veins & CN 9, 10, & 11 (glossopharyngeal, vagus, & accessory)
carotid canal
allows passage of internal carotid artery
foramen lacerum
completely closed off by cartilage in the living, open in the dead
internal acoustic meatus
helps transit CN 8 & 7 (vestibulocochlear & facial)
stylomastoid foramen
allows CN 7 (facial nerve) to leave skull
what are the three parts of the temporal bone?
- squamous part - partially forms the zygomatic process & has the mandibular fossa
- tympanic part - this surrounds the external auditory meatus & has the mastoid/styloid process
- petrous part - houses the middle and inner ear cavity
sphenoid bone
- can be described as a bat or moth shape bone
- a keystone bone & that articulates with all other cranial bones
body (on sphenoid bone)
- houses superficially the SELLA TURCICA
- SELLA TURCICA: has the HYPOPHYSEAL FOSSA - a “seat” for the pituitary gland
supraorbital fissure
allows CN 3,4,5,6 (oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens) to pass through
foramen rotundum & foramen ovale
provides passage for maxillary & mandibular nerve (also CN 5 - trigeminal nerve)
foramen spinosum
transmits the medial meningeal artery
cribriform foramina/plate
allows the CN 1 (olfactory nerve) to pass
crista galli
allows for dura matter attachment
what are the facial bones of the skull?
- nasal
- lacrimal
- palatine
- inferior nasal concha
- maxilla
- mandible
- vomer
- zygomatic
what bones form the orbits?
“many friendly zebras enjoy lazy summer picnics”
- maxilla
- frontal
- zygomatic
- ethmoid
- lacrimal
- sphenoid
- palatine
what bones form the nasal caivty?
“my very fine nasal SEPtum”
- maxilla
- vomer
- frontal
- nasal
- sphenoid
- ethmoid
- palatine bone
cervical vertebrae characteristics
- TRIANGULAR vertebral foramen
- has a BIFID SPINOUS PROCESS
- has TRANSVERSE FORAMINA
atlas (C1) characterisitics
- no BODY OR SPINOUS PROCESS
- movement for “yes”
- has TWO SUPERIOR LATERAL MASSES that articulate with the OCCIPITAL CONDYLES
axis (C2) characteristics
- has a DENS/ODONTOID PROCESS
- movement for “no”
- has a missing partner/body :( “atlas”
thoracic vertebrae characteristics
- bigger body
- more longer spinous processes
- has transverse COSTAL FACETS for articulation of rib tubercles
lumbar vertebrae characteristics
- these recieve most stress
- shorter pedicles & flatter/thin spinous processes
- prevents rotation
sacrum
- fused (5) vertebrae
- allows passage of the CAUDA EQIUNA
- helps form the sacroiliac joint
clavicles
- MEDIALLY forms the sternoclavicular joint
- LATERALLY forms the acromioclavicular joint
femur
- carries entire weight of erect body
- three segments of lower limb: thing, leg, and foot
sagittal (medial) plane
divides the body into equal left and right halves
frontal (coronal plane)
divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
transverse plane
divides the body into superior and inferior portions
simple squamous epithelium
- description: single layer of flattened SQUAMOUS CELLS
- function: DIFFUSION AND FILTRATION/SECRETION OF LUBRICATION
- location: KIDNEY GLOMERULI, ALVELOLI IN LUNGS, HEART LINING
simple cuboidal epithelium
- description: “”
- function: SECRETION & ABSORPTION
- location: KIDNEY TUBULES & DUCTS/SMALL GLANDS
simple columnar epithelium
- description: “” *has CILIA & GOBLET CELLS
- function: ABSORPTION & SECRETION of mucus, enyzmes and etc…
- location: NONCILIATED - digestive tract
CILIATED -bronchi, uterine tubes, and uterus
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
- description: “” *has CILIA & GOBLET CELLS
- function: SECRETION of SUBSTANCES & PROPULSION
- location: NONCILIATED - sperm carrying ducts
CILIATED - upper respiratory tract/trachea
stratified squamous epithelium
- description: (basal) cuboidal/columnar (surface) squamous
- function: PROTECTION
- location: NONKERATINIZED: esophagus, mouth, and vagina
KERATINIZED: epidermis
what are the types of loose connective tissue?
- areolar
- adipose
- reticular
what are the types of dense connective tissue?
- dense irregular
- dense regular
- elastic
areolar connective tissue
- LCT
- description: has FIBROBLASTS, MACROPHAGES, MAST CELLS, AND WBCS
- function: CUSHIONS and PHAGOCYTIZES bacteria; helps with inflammation/tissue fluid
- location: under EPITHELIA of the body; surrounds capillaries
adipose connective tissue
- LCT
- description: has many ADIPOCYTES
- function: INSULATION, FUEL, SUPPORT, AND PROTECTION
- location: under skin, abdomen, breasts
reticular connective tissue
- LCT
- description: RETICULAR FIBERS
- function: formation of a SKELETON/STROMA - supports cell types
- location: LYMPHOID ORGANS
dense regular connective tissue
- DCT
- description: COLLAGEN FIBERS, FIBROBLASTS, some elastic fibers
- function: ATTACHMENT - muscles, tendons, ligaments etc…
- location: TENDONS & LIGAMENTS
dense irregular connective tissue
- DCT
- description: more IRREGULAR ARRANGED COLLAGEN FIBERS ; major cell type found are the FIBROBLASTS
function: withstands TENSION and gives STRUCTURAL STRENGTH
location: within JOINTS AND FIBROUS CAPSULES of organs
elastic connective tissue
- DCT
- description: ELASTIC FIBERSSSSSSS
- function: RECOIL/STRETCH
- location: ARTERIAL WALLS, BRONCHI, AND LIGAMENTS
hyaline cartilage
- description: has plenty of CHONDROBLASTS & once mature (CHONDROCYTES)
- function: SUPPORT AND REINFORCEMENT
- location: COSTAL CARTILAGE, NOSE, TRACHEA, LARYNX
bone
- description: many COLLAGEN FIBERS, OSTEOCYTES
- function: SUPPORT AND PROTECTION, STORES CALCIUMMMMMMMMM
blood
- description: red and white blood cells
- function: TRANSPORTATION - gases, nutrients, waste
- location: BLOOD VESSELS
skeletal muscle
description: LONG, CYLINDRICAL MULTINUCLEATE cells aka striations
function: helps with VOLUNTARY movement, and FACIAL EXPRESSION
location: found in SKELETAL MUSCLES
cardiac muscle
- description: BRANCHING STRAITED UNIUNIIIIINUCLEATE cells with INTERCALATED DISCS BROO BROO
- function: blood circulation
- location: THE HEARTT <3
what are the layers of the epidermis?
- stratum corneum
- stratum lucidum (thick skin only)
- stratum granulosum
- stratum spinosum
- stratum basale
what are the layers of the dermis?
- papillary layer
- reticular layer
stratum basale
- deepest layer of the epidermis
- live mitotic stages and cell division
- single row of stem cells
- firm attachment to the dermis
- 25-45 days and cells begin to die and move up
stratum spinosum
- “prickly” layer
- held together by desmosomes + keratin filaments; has many keratinocytes
- dendritic cells are most abundant here *help activate immune sys.
stratum granulosum
- four to six layers thick
- keratinocytes begin to form into granular cells (disintegration of nuclei and organelles) - apoptosis
- secretion of lamellar granules - secretion of glycolipids to help slow water loss (waterproof barrier)
stratum lucidum
- found only in the thickest skin areas - palms and soles of feet
- few rows of flat and dead keratinocytes
stratum corneum
- plenty of layers of dead, keratinized cells - around 20-30 rows
- “horned” layer
- an important barrier against biological, chemical, and physical cells
keratinocytes
- cells that produce the fibrous protein of keratin
- tightly connected by desmosomes
melanocytes
- cells that produce the pigment of melanin
- callback to its usage within protection against UV radiation
dendritic (langerhans) cells
- cells that aid in breaking pathogens into smaller pieces and eating them! - phagocytosis
- contains macrophages - activators of the immune system
tactile (merkel) cells
cells aiding in terms of sensory touch receptors - connected to nerve cells within the dermis
- spiked appearance
papillary layer
- stimulation of hair growth - giving a constant supply of blood and nourishment to hair roots (20%)
- has dermal papillae within its superficial surface (hair growth)
- has tacile (meissner’s corpuscles) - mechanoreceptor for light touch
reticular layer
- lamellar (pacinian) corpuscles: helps with identifying vibrations and pressure
- ruffini endings: mechano-thermo receptors. helps with skin stretches & finger positions/movement
- more collagen fibers and elastic fibers for strength and elasticity
sebaceous glands
- secretion of oil and sebum
- helps in softening skin and hair
where does the epidermis develop from?
ectoderm
where does the dermis and hypodermis develop from?
mesoderm
