The Integumentary System Flashcards
1
Q
integumentary system
A
The skin and its corresponding accessories
2
Q
what is the integumentary system’s functions?
A
- is the body’s outer covering - our 1st line of defense
- largest organ of the body
- waterproof, stretchable, ability to heal/repair
- pliable but also tough
3
Q
what are some of the integumentary system’s accessory structures?
A
- nails
- hair follicles
4
Q
what are the layers of the integumentary system?
A
- epidermis
- dermis
- hypodermis
5
Q
what are some appendages of the skin?
A
- glands: eccrine, sebaceous
- hair follicles, roots
6
Q
phagocytes
A
helps ingest foreign substances and pathogens
7
Q
how does UV radiation work within the body?
A
within the body, we have the production of melanocytes that aid in the synthesis of melanin. with melanin this adds pigment to the skin and with its dark complexion – helps block UV rays by absorption
- all have the same # of melanocytes
- the more activity of melanocytes - the darker the complexion
- melanosomes enter the keratinocytes
8
Q
desiccation
A
the removal of moisture from skin –skin helps with making sure this doesn’t happen by supplying keratin
8
Q
thermal damage
A
the skin aids with protective function utilizing specific heat, cold, and pain receptors to indicate extreme changes towards the skin
9
Q
how does vitamin D synthesis work within the skin?
A
- sunlights activates vitamin D, which enters the blood through the initial form of calcidiol
- this will be then transported into the liver and kidneys – turned to calcitriol (the active form of vitamin D)
- important for calcium absorption
- produced within stratum basale and stratum spinosum
10
Q
how does the skin regulate body temperature?
A
- too hot: dilation of blood vessels (rises blood superficially to release heat) *sweat
- too cold: constriction of blood vessels (doesn’t allow blood flow towards skin capillary beds)
11
Q
eccrine glands
A
- type of sudoriferous gland (sweat gland)
- found within the dermis
- open duct on skin’s surface
- seen on palms, soles, and forehead
- coiled tubular gland; single layer of columnar cells
12
Q
apocrine glands
A
- type of sudoriferous gland (sweat gland)
- found on armpits and anogenital regions
- larger than eccrine glands
- responsible for body odor
- begins functioning at puberty
13
Q
what is perspired by our skin?
A
- urea
- salts
- water
14
Q
epidermis
A
- most superficial region of our skin
- contains our epithelial tissue
- covers the whole body
15
Q
dermis
A
- made of mostly fibrous connective tissue, nerves, and muscles
- gets all nutrients from diffusion from the epidermis
16
Q
hypodermis
A
- our subcutaneous layer “subQ”
- helps anchor skin to underlying structures and muscles
- made of mostly adipose tissue that acts as insulation and a shock absorber
17
Q
what are the types of injections?
A
- intramuscular: 90 degree angle *typical regular injection; in contact with hypodermis + muscle
- subcutaneous: 45-degree angle *example: insulin injection - slower absorption
- intradermal: 10-15 degree angle *example: TB tests
18
Q
what are the layers/stratums of the epidermis?
A
- stratum corneum
- stratum lucidum
- stratum granulosum
- stratum spinosum
- stratum basale
“come let’s get sunburned”
19
Q
stratum basale
A
- deepest layer of the epidermis
- live mitotic stages and cell division
- single row of stem cells
- firm attachment to the dermis
- 25-45 days and cells begin to die and move up
20
Q
stratum spinosum
A
- “prickly” layer
- held together by desmosomes + keratin filaments; has many keratinocytes
- dendritic cells are most abundant here *help activate immune sys.
21
Q
stratum granulosum
A
- four to six layers thick
- keratinocytes begin to form into granular cells (disintegration of nuclei and organelles) - apoptosis
- secretion of lamellar granules - secretion of glycolipids to help slow water loss (waterproof barrier)
22
Q
stratum lucidum
A
- found only in the thickest skin areas - palms and soles of feet
- few rows of flat and dead keratinocytes
23
Q
stratum corneum
A
- plenty of layers of dead, keratinized cells - around 20-30 rows
- “horned” layer
- an important barrier against biological, chemical, and physical cells
24
declamation
shedding of cells - takes around 14 days for proper migration of cells to the superficial surface
25
what cells can we find in the epidermis? (4)
- keratinocytes
- melanocytes
- dendritic (langerhan) cells
- tactile (merkel) cells
26
keratinocytes
- cells that produce the fibrous protein of keratin
- tightly connected by desmosomes
27
melanocytes
- cells that produce the pigment of melanin
- callback to its usage within protection against UV radiation
28
dendritic (langerhans) cells
- cells that aid in breaking pathogens into smaller pieces and eating them! - phagocytosis
- contains macrophages - activators of the immune system
29
tactile (merkel) cells
cells aiding in terms of sensory touch receptors - connected to nerve cells within the dermis
- spiked appearance
30
how long does it take for keratinocytes to be pushed up towards the surface of the epidermis?
typically 2 weeks
31
psoriasis
a type of chronic skin disorder where basically your immune system mistakes skin cells as pathogens, compensating greatly with an overproduction of new skin cells and abnormal keratin
- flaky silvery scales (shed)
32
skin grafts
covering a wound with a piece of healthy skin
*if stratum basale and stem cells are destroyed - cannot regenerate
33
autografts
skin graft from yourself
34
isografts
skin graft from twin
35
autologous skin
skin graft grown in lab culture
36
dermis
strong, flexible connective tissue - made up mainly of dense fibrous connective tissue
- has collagen and elastic fibers
- has also oil and sweat glands, hair follicles
- also have dermal papillae & dermal ridges
- friction ridges: fingerprints (thick skin)
37
what cells can be found within the dermis?
- fibroblasts
- macrophages
- mast cells
- white blood cells
38
what are the two layers of the dermis?
- papillary layer
- reticular layer
39
papillary layer
- mainly responsible for stimulation of hair growth - giving a constant supply of blood and nourishment to hair roots (20%)
- has dermal papillae within its superficial surface (hair growth)
- has tacile (meissner's corpuscles) - mechanoreceptor for light touch
40
reticular layer
- lamellar (pacinian) corpuscles: helps with identifying vibrations and pressure
- ruffini endings: mechano-thermo receptors. helps with skin stretches & finger positions/movement
- more collagen fibers and elastic fibers for strength and elasticity
41
flexure lines
dermal folds at or near joints
- found within reticular lyaer of the dermis
42
what are the important pigments responsible for our skin color?
- melanin
- carotene
- hemoglobin
43
melanin
- produced within melanocytes
- natural sunscreen from UV radiation
- red-yellow-brown-black
- same relative # for everyone, different rates of activity
44
carotene
- yellow to orange pigment
- found often in stratum corneum
45
hemoglobin
red, oxygen-carrying pigment in blood cells
46
albinism
inherited lack of enzyme tyrosinase that makes melanin--no pigment
47
vitiligo
autoimmune loss of melanocytes in areas of the skin producing white patches
- normal and hypopigmentation
48
jaundice
yellow color to skin, whites to eyes
- buildup of yellow bilirubin in blood due to liver disease - can be seen sometimes within newborns
49
cyanotic
- bluish color to nail beds and skin
- due to hemoglobin being depleted of oxygen
50
erythema
- redness
- can be due to various factors; fever, allergies, hypertension, and inflam.
51
bruises
also known as petechiae
- clotted blood beneath skin
- microhemorrhages: broken blood vessels under the skin
52
melanoma
- the uncontrolled growth of epidermal cells
- the most dangerous type of cancer - benign or malignant
53
how do we identify or classify cases of melanoma?
the ABC's
A - asymmetry
B - borders
C - color
D - diameter
E - evolving
54
ecchymosis
bruise or black eye
55
hair
made of dead keratinized cells of hard keratin
56
what are the functions of hair?
- warns of insects on skin
- pigment
- heat loss
- physical trauma
57
what are the hair pigments?
- melanin (yellow, rust, black, and brown)
- trichosiderin - red
58
what is the hair follicle made up of?
- hair shaft
- hair root
59
hair bulb
hair follicle receptor - has nerve endings *touch receptors
60
hair matrix
active dividing area of hair - allows for hair growth
61
arrector pili
- responsible for goosebumps
- smooth muscle that is attached to follicle
62
nail
made up of keratinized epidermal cells
63
nail matrix
also known as the onychostrona
- has dividing cells and produces new nail cells !
- has also nerves, the lymph, and BV
64
lunula
- moon-shape part of the nail
- only visible part of the nail matrix
65
nail bed
- skin under nail plate
66
nail plate/body
the actual visible portion of nail - translucent keratin protein
67
free edge
extension past finger or toes
68
hyponychium
- secures the nail to the fingertip
69
eponychium
the cuticle
70
what exocrine glands can we find in the dermis? (4)
- sebaceous glands
- sudoriferous glands
- ceruminous glands
- mammary glands
71
ceruminous glands
- type of apocrine gland
- lines the external ear canal; secretes cerumen (earwax)
72
mammary gland
secretes milk
73
hyperhidrosis
abnormal increased sweating
74
sebaceous glands
- secretion of oil and sebum
- helps in softening skin and hair
75
meibomian gland
type of sebaceous gland that secretes a special type of sebum into tears
76
white head
duct blocked by sebum
77
blackhead
accumulated material oxidizes and dries
78
acne
infection of the sebaceous glands
79
seborrhea
also known as "cradle cap"
- overactivity of glands
80
basal cell carcinoma
- formed in stratum basale
- least malignant; high cure rate
81
squamous cell carcinoma
cancer involving keratinocytes within the stratum spinosum
82
burns
tissue damage that can be caused by hear, electricity, radiation, and chemicals
83
what is the immediate threat when it comes to burns?
- short-term: risk of dehydration and eletrolyte imbalance -- need IV and 0.9 saline solution to avoid renal shutdown or shock
- long-term: infection -- need antibiotics
84
how do we evaluate burns?
by the rule of nines - estimating volume of fluid lossf
85
first degree burns
your typical sunburn and local redness, or edemas
- damage only your epidermis
86
second degree burns
- complete epidermal and upper dermal damage
- typically the most painful of all burns; can blister and scar
87
third degree burns
complete damage to the epidermis, dermis, and fat tissue/muscle
- typical use of skin grafts
88
how do we define if a burn is critical?
- >25% of the body has second-degree burns
- >10% of the body has third-degree burns
- face, hands, or feet bear third-degree burns
89
how do we treat burns?
- debridement/removal of burned skin
- antibiotics
- skin grafts
- temporary coverings
90
deep wound healing
occurs when injury extends to dermis and subQ layer
91
what are the healing stages in order?
1. inflammatory phase
2. migratory phase
3. proliferative phase
4. maturation phase
5. scar formation
92
where does the epidermis develop from?
ectoderm
93
where does the dermis and hypodermis develop from?
mesoderm
