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BIO 175-10 LAB & LEC > The Integumentary System > Flashcards

The Integumentary System Flashcards

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1
Q

integumentary system

A

The skin and its corresponding accessories

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2
Q

what is the integumentary system’s functions?

A
  • is the body’s outer covering - our 1st line of defense
  • largest organ of the body
  • waterproof, stretchable, ability to heal/repair
  • pliable but also tough
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3
Q

what are some of the integumentary system’s accessory structures?

A
  • nails
  • hair follicles
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4
Q

what are the layers of the integumentary system?

A
  1. epidermis
  2. dermis
  3. hypodermis
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5
Q

what are some appendages of the skin?

A
  • glands: eccrine, sebaceous
  • hair follicles, roots
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6
Q

phagocytes

A

helps ingest foreign substances and pathogens

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7
Q

how does UV radiation work within the body?

A

within the body, we have the production of melanocytes that aid in the synthesis of melanin. with melanin this adds pigment to the skin and with its dark complexion – helps block UV rays by absorption
- all have the same # of melanocytes
- the more activity of melanocytes - the darker the complexion
- melanosomes enter the keratinocytes

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8
Q

desiccation

A

the removal of moisture from skin –skin helps with making sure this doesn’t happen by supplying keratin

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8
Q

thermal damage

A

the skin aids with protective function utilizing specific heat, cold, and pain receptors to indicate extreme changes towards the skin

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9
Q

how does vitamin D synthesis work within the skin?

A
  1. sunlights activates vitamin D, which enters the blood through the initial form of calcidiol
  2. this will be then transported into the liver and kidneys – turned to calcitriol (the active form of vitamin D)
  3. important for calcium absorption
    - produced within stratum basale and stratum spinosum
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10
Q

how does the skin regulate body temperature?

A
  • too hot: dilation of blood vessels (rises blood superficially to release heat) *sweat
  • too cold: constriction of blood vessels (doesn’t allow blood flow towards skin capillary beds)
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11
Q

eccrine glands

A
  • type of sudoriferous gland (sweat gland)
  • found within the dermis
  • open duct on skin’s surface
  • seen on palms, soles, and forehead
  • coiled tubular gland; single layer of columnar cells
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12
Q

apocrine glands

A
  • type of sudoriferous gland (sweat gland)
  • found on armpits and anogenital regions
  • larger than eccrine glands
  • responsible for body odor
  • begins functioning at puberty
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13
Q

what is perspired by our skin?

A
  • urea
  • salts
  • water
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14
Q

epidermis

A
  • most superficial region of our skin
  • contains our epithelial tissue
  • covers the whole body
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15
Q

dermis

A
  • made of mostly fibrous connective tissue, nerves, and muscles
  • gets all nutrients from diffusion from the epidermis
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16
Q

hypodermis

A
  • our subcutaneous layer “subQ”
  • helps anchor skin to underlying structures and muscles
  • made of mostly adipose tissue that acts as insulation and a shock absorber
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17
Q

what are the types of injections?

A
  • intramuscular: 90 degree angle *typical regular injection; in contact with hypodermis + muscle
  • subcutaneous: 45-degree angle *example: insulin injection - slower absorption
  • intradermal: 10-15 degree angle *example: TB tests
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18
Q

what are the layers/stratums of the epidermis?

A
  1. stratum corneum
  2. stratum lucidum
  3. stratum granulosum
  4. stratum spinosum
  5. stratum basale

“come let’s get sunburned”

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19
Q

stratum basale

A
  • deepest layer of the epidermis
  • live mitotic stages and cell division
  • single row of stem cells
  • firm attachment to the dermis
  • 25-45 days and cells begin to die and move up
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20
Q

stratum spinosum

A
  • “prickly” layer
  • held together by desmosomes + keratin filaments; has many keratinocytes
  • dendritic cells are most abundant here *help activate immune sys.
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21
Q

stratum granulosum

A
  • four to six layers thick
  • keratinocytes begin to form into granular cells (disintegration of nuclei and organelles) - apoptosis
  • secretion of lamellar granules - secretion of glycolipids to help slow water loss (waterproof barrier)
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22
Q

stratum lucidum

A
  • found only in the thickest skin areas - palms and soles of feet
  • few rows of flat and dead keratinocytes
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23
Q

stratum corneum

A
  • plenty of layers of dead, keratinized cells - around 20-30 rows
  • “horned” layer
  • an important barrier against biological, chemical, and physical cells
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24
Q

declamation

A

shedding of cells - takes around 14 days for proper migration of cells to the superficial surface

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25
Q

what cells can we find in the epidermis? (4)

A
  • keratinocytes
  • melanocytes
  • dendritic (langerhan) cells
  • tactile (merkel) cells
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26
Q

keratinocytes

A
  • cells that produce the fibrous protein of keratin
  • tightly connected by desmosomes
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27
Q

melanocytes

A
  • cells that produce the pigment of melanin
  • callback to its usage within protection against UV radiation
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28
Q

dendritic (langerhans) cells

A
  • cells that aid in breaking pathogens into smaller pieces and eating them! - phagocytosis
  • contains macrophages - activators of the immune system
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29
Q

tactile (merkel) cells

A

cells aiding in terms of sensory touch receptors - connected to nerve cells within the dermis
- spiked appearance

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30
Q

how long does it take for keratinocytes to be pushed up towards the surface of the epidermis?

A

typically 2 weeks

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31
Q

psoriasis

A

a type of chronic skin disorder where basically your immune system mistakes skin cells as pathogens, compensating greatly with an overproduction of new skin cells and abnormal keratin
- flaky silvery scales (shed)

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32
Q

skin grafts

A

covering a wound with a piece of healthy skin
*if stratum basale and stem cells are destroyed - cannot regenerate

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33
Q

autografts

A

skin graft from yourself

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34
Q

isografts

A

skin graft from twin

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35
Q

autologous skin

A

skin graft grown in lab culture

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36
Q

dermis

A

strong, flexible connective tissue - made up mainly of dense fibrous connective tissue
- has collagen and elastic fibers
- has also oil and sweat glands, hair follicles
- also have dermal papillae & dermal ridges
- friction ridges: fingerprints (thick skin)

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37
Q

what cells can be found within the dermis?

A
  • fibroblasts
  • macrophages
  • mast cells
  • white blood cells
38
Q

what are the two layers of the dermis?

A
  • papillary layer
  • reticular layer
39
Q

papillary layer

A
  • mainly responsible for stimulation of hair growth - giving a constant supply of blood and nourishment to hair roots (20%)
  • has dermal papillae within its superficial surface (hair growth)
  • has tacile (meissner’s corpuscles) - mechanoreceptor for light touch
40
Q

reticular layer

A
  • lamellar (pacinian) corpuscles: helps with identifying vibrations and pressure
  • ruffini endings: mechano-thermo receptors. helps with skin stretches & finger positions/movement
  • more collagen fibers and elastic fibers for strength and elasticity
41
Q

flexure lines

A

dermal folds at or near joints
- found within reticular lyaer of the dermis

42
Q

what are the important pigments responsible for our skin color?

A
  • melanin
  • carotene
  • hemoglobin
43
Q

melanin

A
  • produced within melanocytes
  • natural sunscreen from UV radiation
  • red-yellow-brown-black
  • same relative # for everyone, different rates of activity
44
Q

carotene

A
  • yellow to orange pigment
  • found often in stratum corneum
45
Q

hemoglobin

A

red, oxygen-carrying pigment in blood cells

46
Q

albinism

A

inherited lack of enzyme tyrosinase that makes melanin–no pigment

47
Q

vitiligo

A

autoimmune loss of melanocytes in areas of the skin producing white patches
- normal and hypopigmentation

48
Q

jaundice

A

yellow color to skin, whites to eyes
- buildup of yellow bilirubin in blood due to liver disease - can be seen sometimes within newborns

49
Q

cyanotic

A
  • bluish color to nail beds and skin
  • due to hemoglobin being depleted of oxygen
50
Q

erythema

A
  • redness
  • can be due to various factors; fever, allergies, hypertension, and inflam.
51
Q

bruises

A

also known as petechiae
- clotted blood beneath skin
- microhemorrhages: broken blood vessels under the skin

52
Q

melanoma

A
  • the uncontrolled growth of epidermal cells
  • the most dangerous type of cancer - benign or malignant
53
Q

how do we identify or classify cases of melanoma?

A

the ABC’s
A - asymmetry
B - borders
C - color
D - diameter
E - evolving

54
Q

ecchymosis

A

bruise or black eye

55
Q

hair

A

made of dead keratinized cells of hard keratin

56
Q

what are the functions of hair?

A
  • warns of insects on skin
  • pigment
  • heat loss
  • physical trauma
57
Q

what are the hair pigments?

A
  • melanin (yellow, rust, black, and brown)
  • trichosiderin - red
58
Q

what is the hair follicle made up of?

A
  • hair shaft
  • hair root
59
Q

hair bulb

A

hair follicle receptor - has nerve endings *touch receptors

60
Q

hair matrix

A

active dividing area of hair - allows for hair growth

61
Q

arrector pili

A
  • responsible for goosebumps
  • smooth muscle that is attached to follicle
62
Q

nail

A

made up of keratinized epidermal cells

63
Q

nail matrix

A

also known as the onychostrona
- has dividing cells and produces new nail cells !
- has also nerves, the lymph, and BV

64
Q

lunula

A
  • moon-shape part of the nail
  • only visible part of the nail matrix
65
Q

nail bed

A
  • skin under nail plate
66
Q

nail plate/body

A

the actual visible portion of nail - translucent keratin protein

67
Q

free edge

A

extension past finger or toes

68
Q

hyponychium

A
  • secures the nail to the fingertip
69
Q

eponychium

A

the cuticle

70
Q

what exocrine glands can we find in the dermis? (4)

A
  • sebaceous glands
  • sudoriferous glands
  • ceruminous glands
  • mammary glands
71
Q

ceruminous glands

A
  • type of apocrine gland
  • lines the external ear canal; secretes cerumen (earwax)
72
Q

mammary gland

A

secretes milk

73
Q

hyperhidrosis

A

abnormal increased sweating

74
Q

sebaceous glands

A
  • secretion of oil and sebum
  • helps in softening skin and hair
75
Q

meibomian gland

A

type of sebaceous gland that secretes a special type of sebum into tears

76
Q

white head

A

duct blocked by sebum

77
Q

blackhead

A

accumulated material oxidizes and dries

78
Q

acne

A

infection of the sebaceous glands

79
Q

seborrhea

A

also known as “cradle cap”
- overactivity of glands

80
Q

basal cell carcinoma

A
  • formed in stratum basale
  • least malignant; high cure rate
81
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A

cancer involving keratinocytes within the stratum spinosum

82
Q

burns

A

tissue damage that can be caused by hear, electricity, radiation, and chemicals

83
Q

what is the immediate threat when it comes to burns?

A
  • short-term: risk of dehydration and eletrolyte imbalance – need IV and 0.9 saline solution to avoid renal shutdown or shock
  • long-term: infection – need antibiotics
84
Q

how do we evaluate burns?

A

by the rule of nines - estimating volume of fluid lossf

85
Q

first degree burns

A

your typical sunburn and local redness, or edemas
- damage only your epidermis

86
Q

second degree burns

A
  • complete epidermal and upper dermal damage
  • typically the most painful of all burns; can blister and scar
87
Q

third degree burns

A

complete damage to the epidermis, dermis, and fat tissue/muscle
- typical use of skin grafts

88
Q

how do we define if a burn is critical?

A
  • > 25% of the body has second-degree burns
  • > 10% of the body has third-degree burns
  • face, hands, or feet bear third-degree burns
89
Q

how do we treat burns?

A
  • debridement/removal of burned skin
  • antibiotics
  • skin grafts
  • temporary coverings
90
Q

deep wound healing

A

occurs when injury extends to dermis and subQ layer

91
Q

what are the healing stages in order?

A
  1. inflammatory phase
  2. migratory phase
  3. proliferative phase
  4. maturation phase
  5. scar formation
92
Q

where does the epidermis develop from?

A

ectoderm

93
Q

where does the dermis and hypodermis develop from?

A

mesoderm

BIO 175-10 LAB & LEC (14 decks)

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