Introduction to the Human Body Flashcards
What is anatomy?
the study of the body/structure of the body
what is physiology?
study of the function of living organisms/functions of body structures
what is pathophysiology?
study of the functional changes of disease or injury
What is histology?
the study of the structure of the tissues
what is cytology?
the study of individual cells
what is systemic anatomy?
study of the structure of specific systems of the body
what is pathological anatomy?
the structural changes of the body
What is the relationship between anatomy and physiology?
to think of it simply, both have a complex relationship: without the proper nutrients delivered to the site of the organ — detrimental to structure of the tissue/organs —- cannot pursue proper structure of the organ —- without proper structure, unsuccessful in function
what does code STEMI mean?
patient is having a heart attack
What are the levels of structural organization?
- chemicals
- organelles [cells]
- tissues
- organs
- organ systems
- organism
describe briefly what you know about chemicals.
- specific bonds of various water, amino acids, fatty acids, proteins etc,
- creation of molecules
- periodic table of elements
describe briefly what you know about cells.
- basic units of living organisms
- over 100 trillion in population
- has combinations of various organelles with distinct functions
describe briefly what you know about tissues.
- made of up of cells
- four types: epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
describe briefly what you know about organs.
- combination of tissues
describe briefly what you know about organisms.
- this is us! :)
- all organ systems combine into a functional human
describe briefly what you know about organ systems
- several organs that work together
- ex. respiratory, cardiovas. system
what are the body systems? (hint: there’s eleven)
- integumentary system
- muscular system
- skeletal system
- nervous system
- endocrine system
- cardiovascular system
- lymphatic system
- respiratory system
- digestive system
- urinary system
- reproductive system
all humans are ___________
multicellular!
describe the integumentary system.
- consists of: skin, hair, sweat glands
- function: eliminates waste, regulation of temperature, reg. of vitamin D
describe the muscular system.
- consists of skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle
- function: movement of the body, bone attachment, posture, creation of heat
- cannot function with calcium
describe the skeletal system.
- consists of bones, ligaments, and joints
- function: support system of body, formation of blood cells, calcium
describe the nervous system.
- consists of brain, spinal cord, and nerves
- function: regulates body activities, and transmits stimuli as a message center (electrical)
describe the endocrine system.
- consists of the glands of the body (pineal, thyroid, pancreas,…)
- function: creation of hormones (message center - hormonal–chemical), and metabolism of the body
describe the cardiovascular system.
- consists of blood, heart, and the blood vessels
- function: transportation of blood and nutrients, remove waste nutrients
describe the lymphatic system.
- consists of the lymphatic vessels, and the spleen
- function: immune response
describe the respiratory system.
- consists of the lungs, pharynx, the larynx
- function: transport gases from external to internal
describe the digestive system.
- consists of the hollow tubes, stomach, small/large intestine, and pancreas
- function: chemical transfer of energy, break down of food
describe the urinary system.
- consists of the kidneys, ureters, the bladder, the urethra
- function: eliminates waste and regulation of body fluids
describe the reproductive system.
- consists of the ovaries and testes
- function: produces gametes (sperm, egg), creation of new organisms, creation of estrogen & testosterone
what are the basic life processes? (hint: there’s 9)
- maintaining boundaries
- digestion
- metabolism
- excretion
- responsiveness
- movement
- growth
- differentiation
- reproduction
maintaining boundaries
separation of internal and external environemnt
digestion
breakdown of ingested food and conversion of energy
metabolism
chemical reactions within a living cell/body (breakdown)
- anabolism [build-up]
- catabolism [breaks down]
excretion
removal of waste from the body
responsiveness
ability to react to stimuli
movement
movement and responsiveness of body parts, skeleton, and cell movement
growth
increasing the size of an organism
differentiation
similar to growth–differentiation of abilities
reproduction
cell division and cell repair
what are the body’s survival needs? (hint: there’s 5)
- nutrients
- oxygen
- water
- temperature
- atmospheric pressure
homeostasis
a condition of equilibrium or balance in the body’s internal environment
which body systems help control homeostasis?
nervous and endocrine
what are the components of a control mechanism (in order)?
- receptor (sensor) responds to stimuli, sending input
[afferent pathway] - control center - determines response (the brain)
[efferent pathway] - effector - receives output, decides on positive or negative feedback
negative feedback
consists of REDUCING the output or activity of any organ or system back to normal change –variable changes in OPPOSITE DIRECTION to that of the initial change
ex. temperature regulation, regulation of blood sugar
positive feedback
response that ENHANCES or exaggerates original stimulus + amplifying effect
ex. enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin + platelet plug formation
anatomical position
- Body erect
- Feet slightly apart
- Palms facing forward
(thumbs point away from body)
cephalic region
cranial skull and facial/face
neck
cervical
abdomen
abdominal region
pelvis
pelvic region
back
dorsal region
superior
up/towards head
inferior
down/away from head
anterior/ventral
front
posterior/dorsal
back
medial
closer to midline of body
lateral
further away from midline of the body/side
proximal
closer to point of attachment
distal
further from point of attachment
superficial
closer to surface of body
deep
further from surface of body
frontal/coronal plane
splits body into anterior & posterior sections
median/midsagittal plane
splits body into right and left halves
transverse plane/horizontal plane
splits body into superior and inferior sections
what does the dorsal body cavity contain?
cranial and spinal cavities
what does the ventral body cavity contain?
contains the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities
what are the abdominopelvic quadrants and what do each of them contain?
- RUQ: gallbladder, stomach, transverse colon, right kidney
- RLQ: appendix, right ureter, large intestine
- LUQ: liver, stomach, spleen
- LLQ: left ureter, small/large intestine
cranial cavity
contains the brain
thoracic cavity
contains the heart and lungs
abdominal cavity
contains digestive organs, spleen, kidneys
pelvic cavity
contains the bladder and reproductive organs
parietal serosa
internal body cavity lining walls
visceral serosa
covering outside of the internal organs
pericardium
membrane enclosing the heart
pleurae
membrane enclosing the lungs
peritoneum
membrane enclosing the abdominopelvic cavity
autopsy
postmortem examination of the body and dissection of its internal organs to confirm or determine cause of death
