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BIO 175-10 LAB & LEC > Introduction to the Human Body > Flashcards

Introduction to the Human Body Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is anatomy?

A

the study of the body/structure of the body

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2
Q

what is physiology?

A

study of the function of living organisms/functions of body structures

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3
Q

what is pathophysiology?

A

study of the functional changes of disease or injury

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4
Q

What is histology?

A

the study of the structure of the tissues

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5
Q

what is cytology?

A

the study of individual cells

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6
Q

what is systemic anatomy?

A

study of the structure of specific systems of the body

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7
Q

what is pathological anatomy?

A

the structural changes of the body

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8
Q

What is the relationship between anatomy and physiology?

A

to think of it simply, both have a complex relationship: without the proper nutrients delivered to the site of the organ — detrimental to structure of the tissue/organs —- cannot pursue proper structure of the organ —- without proper structure, unsuccessful in function

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9
Q

what does code STEMI mean?

A

patient is having a heart attack

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10
Q

What are the levels of structural organization?

A
  1. chemicals
  2. organelles [cells]
  3. tissues
  4. organs
  5. organ systems
  6. organism
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11
Q

describe briefly what you know about chemicals.

A
  • specific bonds of various water, amino acids, fatty acids, proteins etc,
  • creation of molecules
  • periodic table of elements
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12
Q

describe briefly what you know about cells.

A
  • basic units of living organisms
  • over 100 trillion in population
  • has combinations of various organelles with distinct functions
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13
Q

describe briefly what you know about tissues.

A
  • made of up of cells
  • four types: epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
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14
Q

describe briefly what you know about organs.

A
  • combination of tissues
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15
Q

describe briefly what you know about organisms.

A
  • this is us! :)
  • all organ systems combine into a functional human
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16
Q

describe briefly what you know about organ systems

A
  • several organs that work together
  • ex. respiratory, cardiovas. system
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17
Q

what are the body systems? (hint: there’s eleven)

A
  1. integumentary system
  2. muscular system
  3. skeletal system
  4. nervous system
  5. endocrine system
  6. cardiovascular system
  7. lymphatic system
  8. respiratory system
  9. digestive system
  10. urinary system
  11. reproductive system
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18
Q

all humans are ___________

A

multicellular!

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19
Q

describe the integumentary system.

A
  • consists of: skin, hair, sweat glands
  • function: eliminates waste, regulation of temperature, reg. of vitamin D
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20
Q

describe the muscular system.

A
  • consists of skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle
  • function: movement of the body, bone attachment, posture, creation of heat
  • cannot function with calcium
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21
Q

describe the skeletal system.

A
  • consists of bones, ligaments, and joints
  • function: support system of body, formation of blood cells, calcium
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22
Q

describe the nervous system.

A
  • consists of brain, spinal cord, and nerves
  • function: regulates body activities, and transmits stimuli as a message center (electrical)
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23
Q

describe the endocrine system.

A
  • consists of the glands of the body (pineal, thyroid, pancreas,…)
  • function: creation of hormones (message center - hormonal–chemical), and metabolism of the body
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24
Q

describe the cardiovascular system.

A
  • consists of blood, heart, and the blood vessels
  • function: transportation of blood and nutrients, remove waste nutrients
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25
Q

describe the lymphatic system.

A
  • consists of the lymphatic vessels, and the spleen
  • function: immune response
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26
Q

describe the respiratory system.

A
  • consists of the lungs, pharynx, the larynx
  • function: transport gases from external to internal
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27
Q

describe the digestive system.

A
  • consists of the hollow tubes, stomach, small/large intestine, and pancreas
  • function: chemical transfer of energy, break down of food
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28
Q

describe the urinary system.

A
  • consists of the kidneys, ureters, the bladder, the urethra
  • function: eliminates waste and regulation of body fluids
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29
Q

describe the reproductive system.

A
  • consists of the ovaries and testes
  • function: produces gametes (sperm, egg), creation of new organisms, creation of estrogen & testosterone
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30
Q

what are the basic life processes? (hint: there’s 9)

A
  1. maintaining boundaries
  2. digestion
  3. metabolism
  4. excretion
  5. responsiveness
  6. movement
  7. growth
  8. differentiation
  9. reproduction
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31
Q

maintaining boundaries

A

separation of internal and external environemnt

32
Q

digestion

A

breakdown of ingested food and conversion of energy

33
Q

metabolism

A

chemical reactions within a living cell/body (breakdown)
- anabolism [build-up]
- catabolism [breaks down]

34
Q

excretion

A

removal of waste from the body

35
Q

responsiveness

A

ability to react to stimuli

36
Q

movement

A

movement and responsiveness of body parts, skeleton, and cell movement

37
Q

growth

A

increasing the size of an organism

38
Q

differentiation

A

similar to growth–differentiation of abilities

39
Q

reproduction

A

cell division and cell repair

40
Q

what are the body’s survival needs? (hint: there’s 5)

A
  1. nutrients
  2. oxygen
  3. water
  4. temperature
  5. atmospheric pressure
41
Q

homeostasis

A

a condition of equilibrium or balance in the body’s internal environment

42
Q

which body systems help control homeostasis?

A

nervous and endocrine

43
Q

what are the components of a control mechanism (in order)?

A
  1. receptor (sensor) responds to stimuli, sending input
    [afferent pathway]
  2. control center - determines response (the brain)
    [efferent pathway]
  3. effector - receives output, decides on positive or negative feedback
44
Q

negative feedback

A

consists of REDUCING the output or activity of any organ or system back to normal change –variable changes in OPPOSITE DIRECTION to that of the initial change

ex. temperature regulation, regulation of blood sugar

45
Q

positive feedback

A

response that ENHANCES or exaggerates original stimulus + amplifying effect

ex. enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin + platelet plug formation

46
Q

anatomical position

A
  • Body erect
  • Feet slightly apart
  • Palms facing forward
    (thumbs point away from body)
47
Q

cephalic region

A

cranial skull and facial/face

48
Q

neck

A

cervical

49
Q

abdomen

A

abdominal region

50
Q

pelvis

A

pelvic region

51
Q

back

A

dorsal region

52
Q

superior

A

up/towards head

53
Q

inferior

A

down/away from head

54
Q

anterior/ventral

A

front

55
Q

posterior/dorsal

A

back

56
Q

medial

A

closer to midline of body

57
Q

lateral

A

further away from midline of the body/side

58
Q

proximal

A

closer to point of attachment

59
Q

distal

A

further from point of attachment

60
Q

superficial

A

closer to surface of body

61
Q

deep

A

further from surface of body

62
Q

frontal/coronal plane

A

splits body into anterior & posterior sections

63
Q

median/midsagittal plane

A

splits body into right and left halves

64
Q

transverse plane/horizontal plane

A

splits body into superior and inferior sections

65
Q

what does the dorsal body cavity contain?

A

cranial and spinal cavities

66
Q

what does the ventral body cavity contain?

A

contains the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities

67
Q

what are the abdominopelvic quadrants and what do each of them contain?

A
  • RUQ: gallbladder, stomach, transverse colon, right kidney
  • RLQ: appendix, right ureter, large intestine
  • LUQ: liver, stomach, spleen
  • LLQ: left ureter, small/large intestine
68
Q

cranial cavity

A

contains the brain

69
Q

thoracic cavity

A

contains the heart and lungs

70
Q

abdominal cavity

A

contains digestive organs, spleen, kidneys

71
Q

pelvic cavity

A

contains the bladder and reproductive organs

72
Q

parietal serosa

A

internal body cavity lining walls

73
Q

visceral serosa

A

covering outside of the internal organs

74
Q

pericardium

A

membrane enclosing the heart

75
Q

pleurae

A

membrane enclosing the lungs

76
Q

peritoneum

A

membrane enclosing the abdominopelvic cavity

77
Q

autopsy

A

postmortem examination of the body and dissection of its internal organs to confirm or determine cause of death

BIO 175-10 LAB & LEC (14 decks)

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