Introduction to the Human Body Flashcards
1
Q
What is anatomy?
A
the study of the body/structure of the body
2
Q
what is physiology?
A
study of the function of living organisms/functions of body structures
3
Q
what is pathophysiology?
A
study of the functional changes of disease or injury
4
Q
What is histology?
A
the study of the structure of the tissues
5
Q
what is cytology?
A
the study of individual cells
6
Q
what is systemic anatomy?
A
study of the structure of specific systems of the body
7
Q
what is pathological anatomy?
A
the structural changes of the body
8
Q
What is the relationship between anatomy and physiology?
A
to think of it simply, both have a complex relationship: without the proper nutrients delivered to the site of the organ — detrimental to structure of the tissue/organs —- cannot pursue proper structure of the organ —- without proper structure, unsuccessful in function
9
Q
what does code STEMI mean?
A
patient is having a heart attack
10
Q
What are the levels of structural organization?
A
- chemicals
- organelles [cells]
- tissues
- organs
- organ systems
- organism
11
Q
describe briefly what you know about chemicals.
A
- specific bonds of various water, amino acids, fatty acids, proteins etc,
- creation of molecules
- periodic table of elements
12
Q
describe briefly what you know about cells.
A
- basic units of living organisms
- over 100 trillion in population
- has combinations of various organelles with distinct functions
13
Q
describe briefly what you know about tissues.
A
- made of up of cells
- four types: epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
14
Q
describe briefly what you know about organs.
A
- combination of tissues
15
Q
describe briefly what you know about organisms.
A
- this is us! :)
- all organ systems combine into a functional human
16
Q
describe briefly what you know about organ systems
A
- several organs that work together
- ex. respiratory, cardiovas. system
17
Q
what are the body systems? (hint: there’s eleven)
A
- integumentary system
- muscular system
- skeletal system
- nervous system
- endocrine system
- cardiovascular system
- lymphatic system
- respiratory system
- digestive system
- urinary system
- reproductive system
18
Q
all humans are ___________
A
multicellular!
19
Q
describe the integumentary system.
A
- consists of: skin, hair, sweat glands
- function: eliminates waste, regulation of temperature, reg. of vitamin D
20
Q
describe the muscular system.
A
- consists of skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle
- function: movement of the body, bone attachment, posture, creation of heat
- cannot function with calcium
21
Q
describe the skeletal system.
A
- consists of bones, ligaments, and joints
- function: support system of body, formation of blood cells, calcium
22
Q
describe the nervous system.
A
- consists of brain, spinal cord, and nerves
- function: regulates body activities, and transmits stimuli as a message center (electrical)
23
Q
describe the endocrine system.
A
- consists of the glands of the body (pineal, thyroid, pancreas,…)
- function: creation of hormones (message center - hormonal–chemical), and metabolism of the body
24
Q
describe the cardiovascular system.
A
- consists of blood, heart, and the blood vessels
- function: transportation of blood and nutrients, remove waste nutrients
25
describe the lymphatic system.
- consists of the lymphatic vessels, and the spleen
- function: immune response
26
describe the respiratory system.
- consists of the lungs, pharynx, the larynx
- function: transport gases from external to internal
27
describe the digestive system.
- consists of the hollow tubes, stomach, small/large intestine, and pancreas
- function: chemical transfer of energy, break down of food
28
describe the urinary system.
- consists of the kidneys, ureters, the bladder, the urethra
- function: eliminates waste and regulation of body fluids
29
describe the reproductive system.
- consists of the ovaries and testes
- function: produces gametes (sperm, egg), creation of new organisms, creation of estrogen & testosterone
30
what are the basic life processes? (hint: there's 9)
1. maintaining boundaries
2. digestion
3. metabolism
4. excretion
5. responsiveness
6. movement
7. growth
8. differentiation
9. reproduction
31
maintaining boundaries
separation of internal and external environemnt
32
digestion
breakdown of ingested food and conversion of energy
33
metabolism
chemical reactions within a living cell/body (breakdown)
- anabolism [build-up]
- catabolism [breaks down]
34
excretion
removal of waste from the body
35
responsiveness
ability to react to stimuli
36
movement
movement and responsiveness of body parts, skeleton, and cell movement
37
growth
increasing the size of an organism
38
differentiation
similar to growth--differentiation of abilities
39
reproduction
cell division and cell repair
40
what are the body's survival needs? (hint: there's 5)
1. nutrients
2. oxygen
3. water
4. temperature
5. atmospheric pressure
41
homeostasis
a condition of equilibrium or balance in the body's internal environment
42
which body systems help control homeostasis?
nervous and endocrine
43
what are the components of a control mechanism (in order)?
1. receptor (sensor) responds to stimuli, sending input
[afferent pathway]
2. control center - determines response (the brain)
[efferent pathway]
3. effector - receives output, decides on positive or negative feedback
44
negative feedback
consists of REDUCING the output or activity of any organ or system back to normal change --variable changes in OPPOSITE DIRECTION to that of the initial change
ex. temperature regulation, regulation of blood sugar
45
positive feedback
response that ENHANCES or exaggerates original stimulus + amplifying effect
ex. enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin + platelet plug formation
46
anatomical position
- Body erect
- Feet slightly apart
- Palms facing forward
(thumbs point away from body)
47
cephalic region
cranial skull and facial/face
48
neck
cervical
49
abdomen
abdominal region
50
pelvis
pelvic region
51
back
dorsal region
52
superior
up/towards head
53
inferior
down/away from head
54
anterior/ventral
front
55
posterior/dorsal
back
56
medial
closer to midline of body
57
lateral
further away from midline of the body/side
58
proximal
closer to point of attachment
59
distal
further from point of attachment
60
superficial
closer to surface of body
61
deep
further from surface of body
62
frontal/coronal plane
splits body into anterior & posterior sections
63
median/midsagittal plane
splits body into right and left halves
64
transverse plane/horizontal plane
splits body into superior and inferior sections
65
what does the dorsal body cavity contain?
cranial and spinal cavities
66
what does the ventral body cavity contain?
contains the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities
67
what are the abdominopelvic quadrants and what do each of them contain?
- RUQ: gallbladder, stomach, transverse colon, right kidney
- RLQ: appendix, right ureter, large intestine
- LUQ: liver, stomach, spleen
- LLQ: left ureter, small/large intestine
68
cranial cavity
contains the brain
69
thoracic cavity
contains the heart and lungs
70
abdominal cavity
contains digestive organs, spleen, kidneys
71
pelvic cavity
contains the bladder and reproductive organs
72
parietal serosa
internal body cavity lining walls
73
visceral serosa
covering outside of the internal organs
74
pericardium
membrane enclosing the heart
75
pleurae
membrane enclosing the lungs
76
peritoneum
membrane enclosing the abdominopelvic cavity
77
autopsy
postmortem examination of the body and dissection of its internal organs to confirm or determine cause of death
