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BIO 175-10 LAB & LEC > Brain Study Guide > Flashcards

Brain Study Guide Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the CNS composed of?

A

contains the brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

cephalization

A

the evolutionary development of rostral (anterior) portion of the CNS

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3
Q

what are the adult brain regions?

A
  1. cerebral hemispheres
  2. diencephalon
  3. brain stem
  4. cerebellum
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4
Q

cerebrum/cerebral hemispheres

A

mainly responsible for thoughts, movements, and emotions - often to linked to HIGHER MENTAL THINKING CAPACITY
- has many surface features of FISSURES, GYRI, SULCI
- two hemispheres are connected by the CORPUS CALLOSUM

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5
Q

diencephalon region

A

consists of the hypothalamus, thalamus, & epithalamus
- known as the FUNCTIONAL LINK between the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES
- responsible as being the “relay system” for processing sensory input

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6
Q

brain stem

A

consists of the midbrain, pons, & medulla oblongata
- mainly responsible for BASIC LIFE PROCESSES & MAINTAINING VISCERAL ACTIVITY

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7
Q

cerebellum

A
  • responsible for BALANCE & POSTURE
  • helps with “INSTRUCTIONS” for smooth and coordinated skeletal muscle movements
  • processing info from the cerebral motor cortex and other proprioceptors
  • the site of “MUSCLE MEMORY”
  • contains over 50% of the brain’s neurons
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8
Q

brain anatomy

A
  • mixture of areas with various gray matter (myelinated) & white matter (unmyelinated)
  • within the cerebral hemispheres & cerebellum
  • OUTER GRAY MATTER: CORTEX
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9
Q

cortical gray matter

A
  • helps localize and interpret sensory input
  • controls voluntary and skilled skeletal muscle activity
  • helps in functions of intellectual & emotional processing
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10
Q

basal nuclei (ganglia)

A
  • subcortical motor centers
  • helps control skeletal muscle movements
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11
Q

how many lobes make up the cerebrum?

A

five lobes;
1. frontal lobe
2. parietal lobes
3. occipital lobe
4. temporal lobe
5. insular lobe

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12
Q

surface markings

A

GYRI - shallow ridges/elevated bumps
SULCI - superficial grooves
FISSURES - deep grooves

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13
Q

cerebral cortex

A
  • made up of gray matter and billions of neurons
  • deep to the cortex - made of WHITE MATTER/ASTROCYTES/NEURONS - connects brain to spinal cord
  • significant in site of the CONSCIOUS MIND (memory, sensory perception, understanding etc…)
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14
Q

corpus callosum

A
  • a bundle of white matter that connects the R & L hemispheres of the cerebrum
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15
Q

what areas make up the cerebral cortex?

A
  • motor areas
  • sensory areas
  • association areas
    *hemispheres concerned with CONTRALATERAL side of body
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16
Q

motor areas

A

control voluntary movement

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17
Q

sensory areas

A

awareness of sensations

18
Q

association areas

A

integrates various and diverse info

19
Q

our FRONTAL cerebral cortex is divided into how many functional areas? (MOTOR AREA)

A

(order from most anterior to most medial portion of the brain)

  1. FRONTAL EYE FIELD
    - voluntary rapid eye movement
  2. PREMOTOR/SUPPLEMENTARY MOTOR CORTEX
    - planning/coordination of movement; concise & skilled movements
  3. PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX
    - voluntary muscle movement
  4. BROCA’S AREA (more in the lateral portion of the brain/most dominant hemisphere)
    - helps with muscles of speech
    - production of speech
20
Q

our PARIETAL CEREBRAL CORTEX is divided into how many functional areas? (SENSORY AREA)

A

our PARIETAL cerebral cortex is divided into THREE FUNCTIONAL AREAS:
——————————————————————–
(order from most medial to posterior portion of the brain)

  1. PRIMARY SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX
    - awareness of somatic sensations/capable of spatial discrimination
    - touch, pain, & temp.
  2. SOMATOSENSORY ASSOC. CORTEX
    - helps with processing/analyzing somatic sensations
    - the memory of such sensations
    - recognition of sensations
    proprioception/determines SIZE, TEXTURE, & RELATIONSHIP of PARTS
  3. POSTERIOR ASSOC. AREA
    - meeting place of visual, auditory, and somatosensory areas *due to this this area heavily processes various types of stimuli from each area!
    - spacial awareness of body
21
Q

our OCCIPITAL cerebral cortex is divided into how many functional areas? (SENSORY AREA)

A

(order from most medial to most posterior)

  1. VISUAL ASSOC. CORTEX
    - processes/analyzes visual info
    - understand, recognizes, and memorization of visual stimuli
    - uses past visual memory
  2. PRIMARY VIRUTAL CORTEX
    - awareness of visual stimuli
    - gets input from retinas
22
Q

our TEMPORAL cerebral cortex is divided into how many functional areas?

A

(order from most superior to most inferior)

  1. PRIMARY AUDITORY CORTEX
    - awareness of auditory stimuli
    - inner ear interpretation of pitch, loudness, & location
  2. AUDITORY ASSOC. CORTEX
    - process, analyze, understand, recognize, & memory of sounds
  3. *WERNICKE’S AREA (lateral to PAC & superior to AAC) [w/in parieto-occipitotemporal area]
    - comprehends/understands written & spoken language
  4. PRIMARY OLFACTORY/ASSOC. CORTEX
    - awareness of smell
    - processing of smell
23
Q

our MULTIMODAL ASSOCIATION CORTEX is divided into how many areas?

A

  1. ANTERIOR ASSO. AREA
    - also known as the PREFRONTAL CORTEX
    - takes age development to age 25 to coordinate properly
    - many functions of personality, intellect, ideas, complex reasoning etc…
  2. POSTERIOR ASSO. AREA
    - contains the WERNICKE’s AREA
    - helps recognize faces/patterns
  3. LIMBIC ASSO. AREA
    - has the GYRUS, PARAHIPPOCAMPAL GYRUS, & HIPPOCAMPUS
    - helps provide emotional impact and memory establishment
    - emotional balance/environmental adaptation
24
Q

thalamus

A
  • RELAYS sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex to interpret
  • MEMORY processing
  • RELAYS impulses between cerebral motor cortex and other motor centers
25
Q

hypothalamus

A
  • integration center for ANS
  • reg. of BODY TEMP, FOOD INTAKE, WATER BALANCE
  • ENDOCRINE ORGAN, creation of ADH & OXYTOCIN
  • reg. of hormonal output of pituitary gland
26
Q

limbic system

A
  • emotional response
  • memory processing
27
Q

midbrain

A
  • contains visual and auditory reflex centers
  • contains NUCLEI for CN III & IV
  • contains projection fibers
28
Q

pons

A
  • RELAYS info from CEREBRUM to CEREBELLUM
  • helps control RESPIRATORY RATE & DEPTH
  • nuclei for CN V-VII
  • contains projection fibers
29
Q

medulla oblongata

A
  • controls HEART RATE, BV diameter, VOMITING, COUGHING etc..
  • relays sensory info to CEREBELLUM through inferior olivary nuclei
  • contains nuclei of CN VIII-X & XII
  • relaying sensory pathway from SKIN/PROPRIo.
    ———————————————————————- has OLIVES/OLIVARY NUCLEI: relay centers
  • PYRAMIDS: these MOTOR FIBER TRACTS from the CEREBRAL CORTEX (form X shape - DECUSSATION)
30
Q

reticular formation

A
  • filters out repetitive stimuli
  • regulation of skeletal and visceral muscle activity
  • maintains cerebral cortical alertness
31
Q

interventricular foramen

A

allows circulation of CSF from lateral ventricles to third ventricle

32
Q

third ventricle

A

within the diencephalon between the R & L THALAMUS; EPITHALAMUS forms the ROOF; HYPOTHALAMUS forms the FLOOR

33
Q

cerebral aqueduct

A

connects the third & fourth ventricle

34
Q

what helps protect & support the brain?

A

A. Bones of the skull
B. Cranial meninges
C. Blood-brain barrier
D. Cerebrospinal fluid

35
Q

what are the cranial meninges?

A

A. DURA MATER
- “hard mother”
- made of DENSE FIBROUS TISSUE; also has DURAL SINUSES (large veins that drain to jugular vein)
B. ARACHNOID MATER
- “spider mother”
- TRANSPARENT membrane made of collagen/fibrous tissue with suspended BV
C. PIA MATER
- “soft mother”
- DELICATE membrane, highly VASCULARIZED, many BV connected to the brain

36
Q

what are some dural folds?

A

A. FLAX CEREBRI
- separates the R & L cerebral hemispheres
B. TENTORIUM CEREBELLI
- separates the cerebrum from cerebellar hemispheres
C. FALX CEREBELLI
- separates the two cerebellar hemispheres

37
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

CHARACTERISTICS:
- highly regulated transport of certain chemicals
- ASTROCYTES help maintain TRANSPORT
- has TIGHT JUNCTIONS
- only LIPID-SOLUBLE CMPDs move through easily
LOCATIONS:
- HYPOTHALAMUS PARTS
has more PERMEABILITY
- PINEAL GLAND
allows PINEAL SECRETIONS
- CHOROID PLEXI
sites of CSF PRODUCTION
- ARACHNOID GRANULATION
reabsorption of CSF

38
Q

what is the production & circulation of CSF?

A
  1. CHOROID PLEXUS:
    - where CSF is produced
    - has many special EPENDYMAL CELLS for PRODUCTION
  2. CILIATED EPENDYMAL CELLS
    - NO PUMP for CSF; dependent on CILIATED EPDENDYMAL CELLS that LINE all PASSAGES
  3. ARACHNOID GRANULATIONS
    - various regions of PENETRATION between ARACHNOID/DURA MATER, where CSF LEAVES
39
Q

cerebellum anatomy

A

VERMIS:
TWO HEMISPHERES connected by a layer
- FOLIA:
CEREBELLAR CORTEX FLODS
- ARBOR VITAE:
TREE-LIKE STRUCTURE w/ WHITE MATTER
- CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES:
has MYELINATED & UNMYELINATED NEURONS (help convey info to CEREBELLUM & BRAIN STEM, CEREBRUM, & SPINAL CORD)

40
Q

important features for the MIDBRAIN

A
  • CORPORA QUADRAGEMINA:
    two pairs of SENSORY NUCLEI on MIDBRAIN ROOF
  • INFERIOR COLLICULI:
    auditory info, control reflexes to auditory stimuli
  • SUPERIOR COLLICULI:
    visual info, control reflexes to visual stimuli
  • RED NUCLEUS:
    receives INFO from CEREBRUM + CEREBELLUM aids in SUBCONSCIOUS CONTROL of UPPER LIMB POSITION/MUSCLE TONE
  • SUBSTANTIA NIGRA:
    small, dark NUCLEI that aid in REWARD, ADDICTION, & MOVEMENT (asso. with PARKINSONS DISEASE)
  • CEREBRAL PEDUNCLES:
    NERVE FIBER BUNDLES (WHITE MATTER) - for VOLUNTARY MOTOR COMMANDS

BIO 175-10 LAB & LEC (14 decks)

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