Brain Study Guide Flashcards
what is the CNS composed of?
contains the brain and spinal cord
cephalization
the evolutionary development of rostral (anterior) portion of the CNS
what are the adult brain regions?
- cerebral hemispheres
- diencephalon
- brain stem
- cerebellum
cerebrum/cerebral hemispheres
mainly responsible for thoughts, movements, and emotions - often to linked to HIGHER MENTAL THINKING CAPACITY
- has many surface features of FISSURES, GYRI, SULCI
- two hemispheres are connected by the CORPUS CALLOSUM
diencephalon region
consists of the hypothalamus, thalamus, & epithalamus
- known as the FUNCTIONAL LINK between the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES
- responsible as being the “relay system” for processing sensory input
brain stem
consists of the midbrain, pons, & medulla oblongata
- mainly responsible for BASIC LIFE PROCESSES & MAINTAINING VISCERAL ACTIVITY
cerebellum
- responsible for BALANCE & POSTURE
- helps with “INSTRUCTIONS” for smooth and coordinated skeletal muscle movements
- processing info from the cerebral motor cortex and other proprioceptors
- the site of “MUSCLE MEMORY”
- contains over 50% of the brain’s neurons
brain anatomy
- mixture of areas with various gray matter (myelinated) & white matter (unmyelinated)
- within the cerebral hemispheres & cerebellum
- OUTER GRAY MATTER: CORTEX
cortical gray matter
- helps localize and interpret sensory input
- controls voluntary and skilled skeletal muscle activity
- helps in functions of intellectual & emotional processing
basal nuclei (ganglia)
- subcortical motor centers
- helps control skeletal muscle movements
how many lobes make up the cerebrum?
five lobes;
1. frontal lobe
2. parietal lobes
3. occipital lobe
4. temporal lobe
5. insular lobe
surface markings
GYRI - shallow ridges/elevated bumps
SULCI - superficial grooves
FISSURES - deep grooves
cerebral cortex
- made up of gray matter and billions of neurons
- deep to the cortex - made of WHITE MATTER/ASTROCYTES/NEURONS - connects brain to spinal cord
- significant in site of the CONSCIOUS MIND (memory, sensory perception, understanding etc…)
corpus callosum
- a bundle of white matter that connects the R & L hemispheres of the cerebrum
what areas make up the cerebral cortex?
- motor areas
- sensory areas
- association areas
*hemispheres concerned with CONTRALATERAL side of body
motor areas
control voluntary movement
sensory areas
awareness of sensations
association areas
integrates various and diverse info
our FRONTAL cerebral cortex is divided into how many functional areas? (MOTOR AREA)
(order from most anterior to most medial portion of the brain)
- FRONTAL EYE FIELD
- voluntary rapid eye movement - PREMOTOR/SUPPLEMENTARY MOTOR CORTEX
- planning/coordination of movement; concise & skilled movements - PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX
- voluntary muscle movement - BROCA’S AREA (more in the lateral portion of the brain/most dominant hemisphere)
- helps with muscles of speech
- production of speech
our PARIETAL CEREBRAL CORTEX is divided into how many functional areas? (SENSORY AREA)
our PARIETAL cerebral cortex is divided into THREE FUNCTIONAL AREAS:
——————————————————————–
(order from most medial to posterior portion of the brain)
- PRIMARY SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX
- awareness of somatic sensations/capable of spatial discrimination
- touch, pain, & temp. - SOMATOSENSORY ASSOC. CORTEX
- helps with processing/analyzing somatic sensations
- the memory of such sensations
- recognition of sensations
proprioception/determines SIZE, TEXTURE, & RELATIONSHIP of PARTS - POSTERIOR ASSOC. AREA
- meeting place of visual, auditory, and somatosensory areas *due to this this area heavily processes various types of stimuli from each area!
- spacial awareness of body
our OCCIPITAL cerebral cortex is divided into how many functional areas? (SENSORY AREA)
(order from most medial to most posterior)
- VISUAL ASSOC. CORTEX
- processes/analyzes visual info
- understand, recognizes, and memorization of visual stimuli
- uses past visual memory - PRIMARY VIRUTAL CORTEX
- awareness of visual stimuli
- gets input from retinas
our TEMPORAL cerebral cortex is divided into how many functional areas?
(order from most superior to most inferior)
- PRIMARY AUDITORY CORTEX
- awareness of auditory stimuli
- inner ear interpretation of pitch, loudness, & location - AUDITORY ASSOC. CORTEX
- process, analyze, understand, recognize, & memory of sounds - *WERNICKE’S AREA (lateral to PAC & superior to AAC) [w/in parieto-occipitotemporal area]
- comprehends/understands written & spoken language - PRIMARY OLFACTORY/ASSOC. CORTEX
- awareness of smell
- processing of smell
our MULTIMODAL ASSOCIATION CORTEX is divided into how many areas?
- ANTERIOR ASSO. AREA
- also known as the PREFRONTAL CORTEX
- takes age development to age 25 to coordinate properly
- many functions of personality, intellect, ideas, complex reasoning etc… - POSTERIOR ASSO. AREA
- contains the WERNICKE’s AREA
- helps recognize faces/patterns - LIMBIC ASSO. AREA
- has the GYRUS, PARAHIPPOCAMPAL GYRUS, & HIPPOCAMPUS
- helps provide emotional impact and memory establishment
- emotional balance/environmental adaptation
thalamus
- RELAYS sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex to interpret
- MEMORY processing
- RELAYS impulses between cerebral motor cortex and other motor centers
hypothalamus
- integration center for ANS
- reg. of BODY TEMP, FOOD INTAKE, WATER BALANCE
- ENDOCRINE ORGAN, creation of ADH & OXYTOCIN
- reg. of hormonal output of pituitary gland
limbic system
- emotional response
- memory processing
midbrain
- contains visual and auditory reflex centers
- contains NUCLEI for CN III & IV
- contains projection fibers
pons
- RELAYS info from CEREBRUM to CEREBELLUM
- helps control RESPIRATORY RATE & DEPTH
- nuclei for CN V-VII
- contains projection fibers
medulla oblongata
- controls HEART RATE, BV diameter, VOMITING, COUGHING etc..
- relays sensory info to CEREBELLUM through inferior olivary nuclei
- contains nuclei of CN VIII-X & XII
- relaying sensory pathway from SKIN/PROPRIo.
———————————————————————- has OLIVES/OLIVARY NUCLEI: relay centers - PYRAMIDS: these MOTOR FIBER TRACTS from the CEREBRAL CORTEX (form X shape - DECUSSATION)
reticular formation
- filters out repetitive stimuli
- regulation of skeletal and visceral muscle activity
- maintains cerebral cortical alertness
interventricular foramen
allows circulation of CSF from lateral ventricles to third ventricle
third ventricle
within the diencephalon between the R & L THALAMUS; EPITHALAMUS forms the ROOF; HYPOTHALAMUS forms the FLOOR
cerebral aqueduct
connects the third & fourth ventricle
what helps protect & support the brain?
A. Bones of the skull
B. Cranial meninges
C. Blood-brain barrier
D. Cerebrospinal fluid
what are the cranial meninges?
A. DURA MATER
- “hard mother”
- made of DENSE FIBROUS TISSUE; also has DURAL SINUSES (large veins that drain to jugular vein)
B. ARACHNOID MATER
- “spider mother”
- TRANSPARENT membrane made of collagen/fibrous tissue with suspended BV
C. PIA MATER
- “soft mother”
- DELICATE membrane, highly VASCULARIZED, many BV connected to the brain
what are some dural folds?
A. FLAX CEREBRI
- separates the R & L cerebral hemispheres
B. TENTORIUM CEREBELLI
- separates the cerebrum from cerebellar hemispheres
C. FALX CEREBELLI
- separates the two cerebellar hemispheres
blood-brain barrier
CHARACTERISTICS:
- highly regulated transport of certain chemicals
- ASTROCYTES help maintain TRANSPORT
- has TIGHT JUNCTIONS
- only LIPID-SOLUBLE CMPDs move through easily
LOCATIONS:
- HYPOTHALAMUS PARTS
has more PERMEABILITY
- PINEAL GLAND
allows PINEAL SECRETIONS
- CHOROID PLEXI
sites of CSF PRODUCTION
- ARACHNOID GRANULATION
reabsorption of CSF
what is the production & circulation of CSF?
- CHOROID PLEXUS:
- where CSF is produced
- has many special EPENDYMAL CELLS for PRODUCTION - CILIATED EPENDYMAL CELLS
- NO PUMP for CSF; dependent on CILIATED EPDENDYMAL CELLS that LINE all PASSAGES - ARACHNOID GRANULATIONS
- various regions of PENETRATION between ARACHNOID/DURA MATER, where CSF LEAVES
cerebellum anatomy
VERMIS:
TWO HEMISPHERES connected by a layer
- FOLIA:
CEREBELLAR CORTEX FLODS
- ARBOR VITAE:
TREE-LIKE STRUCTURE w/ WHITE MATTER
- CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES:
has MYELINATED & UNMYELINATED NEURONS (help convey info to CEREBELLUM & BRAIN STEM, CEREBRUM, & SPINAL CORD)
important features for the MIDBRAIN
- CORPORA QUADRAGEMINA:
two pairs of SENSORY NUCLEI on MIDBRAIN ROOF - INFERIOR COLLICULI:
auditory info, control reflexes to auditory stimuli - SUPERIOR COLLICULI:
visual info, control reflexes to visual stimuli - RED NUCLEUS:
receives INFO from CEREBRUM + CEREBELLUM aids in SUBCONSCIOUS CONTROL of UPPER LIMB POSITION/MUSCLE TONE - SUBSTANTIA NIGRA:
small, dark NUCLEI that aid in REWARD, ADDICTION, & MOVEMENT (asso. with PARKINSONS DISEASE) - CEREBRAL PEDUNCLES:
NERVE FIBER BUNDLES (WHITE MATTER) - for VOLUNTARY MOTOR COMMANDS
