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BIO 175-10 LAB & LEC > Connective Tissue & Supporting Connective Tissues > Flashcards

Connective Tissue & Supporting Connective Tissues Flashcards

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1
Q

what are some characteristics of connective tissue? (3)

A
  1. specialized cells
  2. solid extracellular protein fibers
  3. fluid extracellular ground substances
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2
Q

what are the four main classes of connective tissue?

A
  1. connective tissue proper
  2. cartilage
  3. bone
  4. blood
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3
Q

what are the main functions of the connective tissue? (5)

A
  • binding and support
  • protection
  • insulation
  • reserving fuel
  • transporting substances (blood)
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4
Q

mesenchyme

A

type of embryonic tissue

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5
Q

extracellular matrix (ECM)

A

provides structure and biochemical support to the cells; connective tissue not composed mainly of cells
- can also withstand tension and bear weight

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6
Q

vascularity

A

network of blood vessels with organ or structure

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7
Q

ground substance

A

unstructured material that fills the space between cells

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8
Q

what can be found within the ground substance?

A
  • interstitial fluid
  • cell adhesion proteins
  • proteoglycans - trap water in varying amounts
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9
Q

what are the connective tissue fibers?

A
  • collagen fibers
  • elastic fibers
  • reticular fibers
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10
Q

collagen fibers

A

strongest and most abundant–high tensile strength

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11
Q

elastic fibers

A

long, thin elastin fibers–helps with stretch & recoil

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12
Q

reticular fibers

A

short, fine, highly branched collagenous fibers–offers more resistance & more “give”

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13
Q

what immature cells make up the connective tissue?

A

“blasts” = immature forum of cells
- fibroblasts
- chondroblasts
- osteoblasts
- hematopoietic stem cells

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14
Q

what mature cells make up the connective tissue?

A

“cytes” = mature form
- chondrocytes
- osteocytes

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15
Q

fibroblasts

A
  • found in connective tissue proper
  • makes ECM and collagen; structural framework (stroma)
  • active division: fibroblast
  • dormant: fibrocytes
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16
Q

chondroblasts

A
  • found in cartilage
  • formation of cartilage
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17
Q

osteoblasts

A
  • found in bone
  • cells that help form new bones and grow and heal existing bones
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18
Q

hematopoietic stem cells

A
  • found in bone marrow
  • helps develop blood cells
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19
Q

adipocytes

A
  • fat cells; helps store nutrients and energy
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20
Q

mesenchymal cells

A

stem cells that respond in injury or infection–can turn into macrophages, fibroblasts etc…

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21
Q

chondrocytes

A
  • help maintain cartilage
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22
Q

osteocytes

A
  • helps develop and maintain bone
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23
Q

white blood cells

A
  • responds to injury
  • we have macro[hages, neutrophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes
24
Q

mast cells

A
  • helps initiate local inflammatory response vs. foreign microorganisms - this is made in bone marrow
  • secretes granules that contain histamine and heparin
25
Q

what is connective tissue proper?

A
  • definition of exclusion: all connective tissues except bone, cartilage, and blood
26
Q

what types of loose connective tissue do we have? (3)

A
  • loose areolar connective tissue
  • loose reticular connective tissue
  • loose adipose connective tissue
27
Q

what types of dense connective tissue do we have?

A
  • dense regular connective tissue
  • dense irregular connective tissue
  • elastic dense connective tissue
28
Q

areolar connective tissue

A
  • type of LCT
  • description: three fiber types: fibroblasts, macrophages, WBC’s
  • function: helps with cushioning our organs, phagocytizes bacteria, creation of edema
  • location: under epithelia of the body
29
Q

adipose connective tissue

A
  • type of LCT
  • description: closely packed adipocyte cells/fat droplets
  • function: reserves food fuel, insulation, shock absorption + protects/supports the organs
  • location: under the skin, abdomen, and breasts
30
Q

reticular connective tissue

A
  • type of LCT
  • description: similar to areolar but fibers are reticular fibers + reticular cells (fibroblasts)
  • function: made of soft internal skeleton (stroma) supports other cell types
  • location: found in many of the lymphoid organs - (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and the spleen)
31
Q

dense regular connective tissue

A
  • type of LCT
  • description: typically primarily parallel fibers - collagen fibers and fibroblasts
  • function: helps for muscle attachment to bones and muscles
  • location: in tendons, ligaments, and etc…
32
Q

dense irregular connective tissue

A
  • type of DCT
  • description: more irregularly arranged collagen fibers; major cell type found are the fibroblasts
  • function: withstands tension and provides structural strength
  • location: within joints and fibrous capsules of organs
33
Q

elastic connective tissue

A
  • type of DCT
  • description: has a high proportion of elastic fibers
  • function: allows tissue to recoil after stretching
  • location: can be found within large arterial walls, bronchial tubes, and ligaments
34
Q

cartilage

A

made up of chondrocytes that produce large amounts of collagenous extracellular matrix - more of a flexible connective tissue + stiffer than muscle tissue

35
Q

what are the types of cartilage? (3)

A
  • elastic cartilage
  • hyaline cartilage
  • fibrocartilage
36
Q

hyaline cartilage

A
  • description: made of chondroblasts and matured chondrocytes
  • function: supports and reinforces - cushions
  • location: forms most of the embryonic skeleton - costal cartilage of ribs, nose, trachea, and larynx
37
Q

elastic cartilage

A
  • description: more elastic fibers (similar to hyaline)
  • function: helps maintain shape + flexibility
  • location: seen within epiglottis and the external ear
38
Q

fibrocartilage

A
  • description: made of thick collagen fibers
  • function: absorbs compressive shock
  • location: often found within intervertebral discs, and meniscuses
39
Q

bone

A
  • description: many collagen fibers, some osteocytes, and is very well-vascularized
  • function: support and protection, stores calcium, and blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)
  • location: bones :]
40
Q

blood

A
  • description: red and white blood cells, and plasma
  • function: transportation of nutrients, waste, and gases
  • location: within blood vessels
41
Q

muscle tissue

A
  • highly vascularized
  • responsible for most types of movement
42
Q

what are the types of muscle tissue (3)?

A
  • skeletal muscle tissue
  • cardiac muscle tissue
  • smooth muscle tissue
43
Q

skeletal muscle tissue

A
  • description: long, cylindrical multinucleate cells aka striations
  • function: helps with voluntary movement, and facial expression
  • location: found in skeletal muscles
44
Q

cardiac muscle tissue

A
  • description: has branching, striated, uninucleate cells + has specialized junctions called intercalated discs
  • function: helps propel blood into circulation for involuntary movement
  • location: walls of the heart
45
Q

smooth muscle tissue

A
  • description: has no striations, spindle-shaped, and has forming sheets
  • function: helps propel substances or organs - helps engage involuntary control
  • location: found within walls of hollow organs
46
Q

nervous tissue

A
  • description: branching cells of neutrons (often star-shaped), with neuron processes + axons + dendrites
  • function: helps transmit of electrical signals from receptors and effectors - protection of neurons
  • location: can be found n brain, spinal cord, and nerves
47
Q

what are the three types of membranes?

A
  1. cutaneous membranes
  2. mucous membranes
  3. serous membranes
48
Q

cutaneous membranes

A
  • made up of KERATINIZED STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM (within the epidermis)
  • often known as the dry membrane
  • functions as protection
49
Q

mucous membranes

A
  • found lining most body cavities that are open to the exterior
  • can secrete mucus
  • lamina propria: epithelial sheet that lies over layer of connective tissue
50
Q

serous membranes

A
  • made of simple squamous epithelium
  • helps with making the serosae that enclose the ventral body cavities
  • serous fluid lies between layers
51
Q

regeneration

A

the natural process of replacing or restoring damaged or missing cells, tissues, organs, and even entire body parts to full function in plants and animals
- same kind of tissue replaces the destroyed tissue
- the original function is restored

52
Q

fibrosis

A

defined by the overgrowth, hardening, and/or scarring of various tissues and is attributed to excess deposition of extracellular matrix components including collagen.
- connective tissue basically replaces destroyed tissue
- original function is lost

53
Q

what are the steps of tissue repair?

A
  1. inflammation sets the stage
    - inflam. chemicals are released & local BV becomes more easy to pass through - helps proteins enter
    - scab formation! :)
  2. organization restores the blood supply
    - more granulation tissues - restore vascular supply
    - more collagen fibers
    - macrophages come to eat up dead cells!
  3. regeneration and fibrosis affect permanent repair
    - thickening of epithelium
    - new area of scar tissue
54
Q

what tissues can regenerate quite well?

A
  • epithelial tissues
  • bone
  • areolar connective tissue
  • dense irregular connective tissue
  • blood-forming tissue
55
Q

what tissues can regenerate quite moderately?

A
  • smooth muscle tissue
  • dense regular connective tissue
56
Q

what tissues can not regenerate well/cannot at all?

A
  • nervous tissue
  • cardiac muscle tissue

BIO 175-10 LAB & LEC (14 decks)

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