Connective Tissue & Supporting Connective Tissues Flashcards
1
Q
what are some characteristics of connective tissue? (3)
A
- specialized cells
- solid extracellular protein fibers
- fluid extracellular ground substances
2
Q
what are the four main classes of connective tissue?
A
- connective tissue proper
- cartilage
- bone
- blood
3
Q
what are the main functions of the connective tissue? (5)
A
- binding and support
- protection
- insulation
- reserving fuel
- transporting substances (blood)
4
Q
mesenchyme
A
type of embryonic tissue
5
Q
extracellular matrix (ECM)
A
provides structure and biochemical support to the cells; connective tissue not composed mainly of cells
- can also withstand tension and bear weight
6
Q
vascularity
A
network of blood vessels with organ or structure
7
Q
ground substance
A
unstructured material that fills the space between cells
8
Q
what can be found within the ground substance?
A
- interstitial fluid
- cell adhesion proteins
- proteoglycans - trap water in varying amounts
9
Q
what are the connective tissue fibers?
A
- collagen fibers
- elastic fibers
- reticular fibers
10
Q
collagen fibers
A
strongest and most abundant–high tensile strength
11
Q
elastic fibers
A
long, thin elastin fibers–helps with stretch & recoil
12
Q
reticular fibers
A
short, fine, highly branched collagenous fibers–offers more resistance & more “give”
13
Q
what immature cells make up the connective tissue?
A
“blasts” = immature forum of cells
- fibroblasts
- chondroblasts
- osteoblasts
- hematopoietic stem cells
14
Q
what mature cells make up the connective tissue?
A
“cytes” = mature form
- chondrocytes
- osteocytes
15
Q
fibroblasts
A
- found in connective tissue proper
- makes ECM and collagen; structural framework (stroma)
- active division: fibroblast
- dormant: fibrocytes
16
Q
chondroblasts
A
- found in cartilage
- formation of cartilage
17
Q
osteoblasts
A
- found in bone
- cells that help form new bones and grow and heal existing bones
18
Q
hematopoietic stem cells
A
- found in bone marrow
- helps develop blood cells
19
Q
adipocytes
A
- fat cells; helps store nutrients and energy
20
Q
mesenchymal cells
A
stem cells that respond in injury or infection–can turn into macrophages, fibroblasts etc…
21
Q
chondrocytes
A
- help maintain cartilage
22
Q
osteocytes
A
- helps develop and maintain bone
23
Q
white blood cells
A
- responds to injury
- we have macro[hages, neutrophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes
24
Q
mast cells
A
- helps initiate local inflammatory response vs. foreign microorganisms - this is made in bone marrow
- secretes granules that contain histamine and heparin
25
what is connective tissue proper?
- definition of exclusion: all connective tissues except bone, cartilage, and blood
26
what types of loose connective tissue do we have? (3)
- loose areolar connective tissue
- loose reticular connective tissue
- loose adipose connective tissue
27
what types of dense connective tissue do we have?
- dense regular connective tissue
- dense irregular connective tissue
- elastic dense connective tissue
28
areolar connective tissue
- type of LCT
- description: three fiber types: fibroblasts, macrophages, WBC's
- function: helps with cushioning our organs, phagocytizes bacteria, creation of edema
- location: under epithelia of the body
29
adipose connective tissue
- type of LCT
- description: closely packed adipocyte cells/fat droplets
- function: reserves food fuel, insulation, shock absorption + protects/supports the organs
- location: under the skin, abdomen, and breasts
30
reticular connective tissue
- type of LCT
- description: similar to areolar but fibers are reticular fibers + reticular cells (fibroblasts)
- function: made of soft internal skeleton (stroma) supports other cell types
- location: found in many of the lymphoid organs - (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and the spleen)
31
dense regular connective tissue
- type of LCT
- description: typically primarily parallel fibers - collagen fibers and fibroblasts
- function: helps for muscle attachment to bones and muscles
- location: in tendons, ligaments, and etc...
32
dense irregular connective tissue
- type of DCT
- description: more irregularly arranged collagen fibers; major cell type found are the fibroblasts
- function: withstands tension and provides structural strength
- location: within joints and fibrous capsules of organs
33
elastic connective tissue
- type of DCT
- description: has a high proportion of elastic fibers
- function: allows tissue to recoil after stretching
- location: can be found within large arterial walls, bronchial tubes, and ligaments
34
cartilage
made up of chondrocytes that produce large amounts of collagenous extracellular matrix - more of a flexible connective tissue + stiffer than muscle tissue
35
what are the types of cartilage? (3)
- elastic cartilage
- hyaline cartilage
- fibrocartilage
36
hyaline cartilage
- description: made of chondroblasts and matured chondrocytes
- function: supports and reinforces - cushions
- location: forms most of the embryonic skeleton - costal cartilage of ribs, nose, trachea, and larynx
37
elastic cartilage
- description: more elastic fibers (similar to hyaline)
- function: helps maintain shape + flexibility
- location: seen within epiglottis and the external ear
38
fibrocartilage
- description: made of thick collagen fibers
- function: absorbs compressive shock
- location: often found within intervertebral discs, and meniscuses
39
bone
- description: many collagen fibers, some osteocytes, and is very well-vascularized
- function: support and protection, stores calcium, and blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)
- location: bones :]
40
blood
- description: red and white blood cells, and plasma
- function: transportation of nutrients, waste, and gases
- location: within blood vessels
41
muscle tissue
- highly vascularized
- responsible for most types of movement
42
what are the types of muscle tissue (3)?
- skeletal muscle tissue
- cardiac muscle tissue
- smooth muscle tissue
43
skeletal muscle tissue
- description: long, cylindrical multinucleate cells aka striations
- function: helps with voluntary movement, and facial expression
- location: found in skeletal muscles
44
cardiac muscle tissue
- description: has branching, striated, uninucleate cells + has specialized junctions called intercalated discs
- function: helps propel blood into circulation for involuntary movement
- location: walls of the heart
45
smooth muscle tissue
- description: has no striations, spindle-shaped, and has forming sheets
- function: helps propel substances or organs - helps engage involuntary control
- location: found within walls of hollow organs
46
nervous tissue
- description: branching cells of neutrons (often star-shaped), with neuron processes + axons + dendrites
- function: helps transmit of electrical signals from receptors and effectors - protection of neurons
- location: can be found n brain, spinal cord, and nerves
47
what are the three types of membranes?
1. cutaneous membranes
2. mucous membranes
3. serous membranes
48
cutaneous membranes
- made up of KERATINIZED STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM (within the epidermis)
- often known as the dry membrane
- functions as protection
49
mucous membranes
- found lining most body cavities that are open to the exterior
- can secrete mucus
- lamina propria: epithelial sheet that lies over layer of connective tissue
50
serous membranes
- made of simple squamous epithelium
- helps with making the serosae that enclose the ventral body cavities
- serous fluid lies between layers
51
regeneration
the natural process of replacing or restoring damaged or missing cells, tissues, organs, and even entire body parts to full function in plants and animals
- same kind of tissue replaces the destroyed tissue
- the original function is restored
52
fibrosis
defined by the overgrowth, hardening, and/or scarring of various tissues and is attributed to excess deposition of extracellular matrix components including collagen.
- connective tissue basically replaces destroyed tissue
- original function is lost
53
what are the steps of tissue repair?
1. inflammation sets the stage
- inflam. chemicals are released & local BV becomes more easy to pass through - helps proteins enter
- scab formation! :)
2. organization restores the blood supply
- more granulation tissues - restore vascular supply
- more collagen fibers
- macrophages come to eat up dead cells!
3. regeneration and fibrosis affect permanent repair
- thickening of epithelium
- new area of scar tissue
54
what tissues can regenerate quite well?
- epithelial tissues
- bone
- areolar connective tissue
- dense irregular connective tissue
- blood-forming tissue
55
what tissues can regenerate quite moderately?
- smooth muscle tissue
- dense regular connective tissue
56
what tissues can not regenerate well/cannot at all?
- nervous tissue
- cardiac muscle tissue
