Vitamins & Minerals Flashcards
Vitamins
regulators of metabolism and involved in antibody synthesis whereby animals acquire immunity to disease
Fat soluble vitamins
A, D, E, K
Water soluble vitamins
B & C
Vitamin A
- found in green leafy forages
- eye sight
- beta carotene converted to vitamin A by enzymes in intestinal walls
*stored in liver (4-6 mole/ 90%) - decrease in spermatogenesis and fetal reabsorption
Vitamin D
- provided by sunlight
- cholecalciferol: animals
- ergocalciferol: plants
- enhance intestinal absorption and retention of Ca & P in body
- rickets & urinary calculi
- acts as type of hormone
*very little store in body
Vitamin E
- tocopherols
- intra/intercellular antioxidants
*free radical scavengers
*prevents oxidation of lipids
*associated with selenium - protects cells from phagocytosis
- muscular dystrophy
Vitamin K
- needed for normal blood clotting
- clovers produce dicoumarol (prevent blood clot)
- green leafy plants
- production by gut bacteria
THROMBIN, PROTHROMBIN, FIRBRIN, FIBROMINGIN
Vitamin B
- fiber digesting bacteria
*not enough fiber (thiamine)
*biotin (hair/nails) - cyanocobalamin (meat)
Vitamin B1
- prevents polioencephalamalacia
Thiamine
- vitamin B1 found in whole grains and starchy roots
*coenzyme A needed in Krebs Cycle
Minerals
Micro / Macro
Macro Minerals
- Calcium (bones/muscular contraction)
- Potassium (body regulation fluid)
- Phosphorus (bones)
- Magnesium
*Sodium
*Sulfur
*Chlorine
Micro Minerals
*Iron (blood/oxygen)
* Iodine (thyroid)
* maganese
* copper (hair color)
* cobalt
* zinc
* molybdenum (Molly binds copper)
* selenium
* chromium
Salt
*sodium and chloride
*mature animals consume 0.25-0.50 oz/day
* free choice
* good way to medicate
Calcium & Phosphorus
- development of skeleton
- Ca metabolic problems (tetanus/ urinary calculi)
Forages are…
High in Ca low in P
Grains are
High in P and low in Ca
Magnesium
*skeletal maintenance/ enzyme systems
Grass Tetany
- lush pastures with fast growing forage
- low blood mg
- convulsion, salivation, and mouth frothing
Potassium
Intracellurar fluids, osmotic pressure
* Low K causes listlessness and stiffness
* grazing animals are rare to have this problem
* most problem seen in feeding areas
Sulfur
*most needed in wool producing animals
*flame resistant
* disulfide bridges accosted with fiber growth
* Molly + Sulfur bind with copper
*methionine, cysteine, b vitamins thiamine and biotin
Sulfur Problems
- problem with high urea feeds (N:S ratio)
- toxicity problems
- dietary interaction with MO and Cu
- Mo and Cu bonding decreases utilization
Iodine
- needed for synthesis of thyroid hormones
- goiter is a sign of deficiency
(swelling under jaw & iodized salt eliminates problems)
Copper
- nervous system, pigmentation of skin
- sheep need 7-11 ppm
- goats need 10-25 ppm
- cattle/swine 15-20 ppm
What influences Copper Levels?
Sulfur and Molybdeum
Iron (FE)
- needed for blood (oxygen carrying capacity)
- major deficiencies
- heavy parasite load
- swine need the most
Zinc
Repro performance and immune function
Selenium
*usda regulation
* cardiac/skeltal muscle
* hand in hand with vitamin E
* old cotton fields where arsenic was used
What can prevent Calculi?
- ammonium chloride
- ammonium sulfate
Feed Analysis
- digestibility
- percent crude protein
- percent fat
- percent fiber
- calcium/phosphorus
Roughages
- low in energy, high in fiber
- pasture, hay, silage, straw, and stover
- needed for bulk in ruminant rations
- microbial activity
Concentrates
- carbs
- high in energy and low fiber
- low in protein
- corn
- milo
- oats
- wheat
What are non protein, nitrogen sources?
Urea & Biuret
* high concentrate rations
