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Biochemistry > Vitamins & Minerals > Flashcards

Vitamins & Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Refer to chemically unrelated organic compounds occuring in small quantities in different natural foods

A

Vitamins

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2
Q

Where the 11-cis form of vitamin A is attached in order for the rods cells in the eye respond to light and transmit response to the optic nerve.

A

Scotopsin

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3
Q

Which terms refers to provitamins of Vit A present in plants

A

Carotenoids

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4
Q

This is the most light sensitive pigment present in rod and is formed by covalent association between 11 cis retinal and opsin.

A

Rhodopsin

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5
Q

What is the collective term for all ocular manifestations of VitaminA deficiency?

A

Xerophthalmia

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6
Q

Which of the retinoids is required for vision?

A

Retinal derived from retinol oxidation is required for vision

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7
Q

What is the earliest sign for vitamin A deficiency?

A

Loss of sensitivity to green light

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8
Q

What vitamin is deficient in patients with phrynoderma (toad skin) ?

A

Vitamin A

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9
Q

This is the most famous presentation of Vitamin A toxicity

A

Pseudotumor cerebri

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10
Q

Deficiency in this vitamin results in Wernicke encephalopathy?

A

Vit B1 Thiamine - Beriberi

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11
Q

Identify the triad seen in Wernicke encephalopathy?

A
  1. Confusion
  2. Ophthalmoplegia
  3. Ataxia
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12
Q

Wernicke -Korsakoff Syndrome damages which part of the brain?

A

Mamillary bodies and Thalamus

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13
Q

Vitamin that plays a major role in the transfer of reducing equivalents.

A

Vit B2 Riboflavin

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14
Q

What is the active form of Vitamin B2?

A

FAD & FMN

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15
Q

Which vitamin is derived from Tryptophan?

A

Vit B3 Niacin

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16
Q

What is the active form of Vit B3?

A

NAD , NADPH

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17
Q

What is the active form of Vit B5 (Pantothenic Acid)?

A

Coenzyme A

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18
Q

What is the active form of Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)?

A

Pyridoxal Phosphate

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19
Q

Casal necklace is associated with what vitamin deficiency?

A

Vit B3 ( Niacin)
Nay asin imo liog

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20
Q

What are the food source of B5 (Pantothenic)?

A

Eggs
Liver
Yeast

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21
Q

Gopalan’s burning feet syndrome is associated with which vitamin deficiency?

A

Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic)

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22
Q

What is the biologically active form of Vitamin B6?

A

Pyridoxal 5- Phosphate

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23
Q

Long term antibiotic use or excessive ingestion of raw white egg whites may lead to what vitamin deficiency?

A

Vitamin B7 (Biotin)

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24
Q

Vitamin H is also known as ?

A

Vitamin B7 ( Biotin)

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25
Q

Identify the vitamin that receives one carbon fragments from donors and transfers them to intermediates in the synthesis of amino acids , purines, and thymine.

A

Vitamin B9 ( Folic Acid)

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26
Q

Advise for patient whois a strict vegetarian and is concerned about getting sufficient iron in his diet?

A

Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) will help in iron absorption if taken.

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27
Q

Subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord is associated with which vitamin deficiency?

A

Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)

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28
Q

Which vitamin requires cobalt for synthesis?

A

Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)

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29
Q

Schilling test is used to detect which vitamin deficiency?

A

Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)

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30
Q

What form of Vitamin B12 is required as the coenzyme for a mutase enzyme?

A

Deoxyadenosylcobalamin is required to isomerize methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA.
Consequently methylmalonic acid levels rise with B12 deficiency.

31
Q

Vitamin deficiencies associated with microcytic anemia? (3)

A
  1. Iron
  2. Vitamin C
  3. Vitamin B6
32
Q

Vitamin deficiencies associated with macrocytic anemia?

A
  1. Vitamin B12
  2. Vitamin B9
33
Q

Vitamin deficiencies associated with spinal cord degeneration? (2)

A
  1. Vitamin B12
  2. Vitamin E
34
Q

What vitamin is essential for collagen synthesis?

A

Vitamin C

35
Q

Dopamine B-hydroxylase needs which vitamin as a cofactor?

A

Vitamin C

36
Q

What is the most common GI toxicity seen in vitamin C megadosage?

A

Diarrhea

37
Q

What vitamin is known as anti-scorbutic factor?

A

Vitamin C

38
Q

Identify the form of Vitamin D obtained from fungal organisms (mushrooms, ergots).

A

Vitamin D2 (Ergocalciferol)

39
Q

In addition to the performed dietary precursors of active vitamin D, how else do humans obtain precursor?

A

Humans can synthesize the cholecalciferol precursor of active vitamin D from
7-dehydrocholesterol in skin exposed to sunlight.

40
Q

Where is the final step in the synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol occurs?

A

Kidney

41
Q

Disorders that occur most readily when vitamin D is deficient?

A

Rickets & Osteomalacia

42
Q

What is the standard method for determining vitamin D status of the patient?

A

Measurement of 25-OH cholecalciferol

43
Q

Less than 20ng/mL of vitamin D is associated with an increase which three cancers?

A
  1. Colon
  2. Breast
  3. Prostate
44
Q

Alpha - tocopherol is another term for?

A

Vitamin E

45
Q

What fat soluble vitamin plays a role in cell membrane protection?

A

Vitamin E

46
Q

Patient diagnosed with primary biliary cirrhosis is at greatest risk for becoming deficient for this vitamin.

A

Vitamin E

47
Q

Which vitamin is the most powerful naturally occurring antioxidant?

A

Vitamin E

48
Q

Which vitamin is required for post-translational gamma carboxylation of glutamic acid?

A

Vitamin K

49
Q

Which vitamin is virtually absent in breastmilk?

A

Vitamin K

50
Q

Phytonadione , Menaquinone are forms of ?

A

Vitamin K

51
Q

Substances involved in the hydroxylation of proline , lysine in the immature collagen fiber. (4)

A
  1. Vitamin C
  2. Ferrous Iron
  3. Oxygen
  4. Alpha-ketoglutarate

COFA

52
Q

What is the most potent antioxidant?

A

Alpha-tocopherol

53
Q

True or False. The risk for toxicity of fat soluble vitamins is high.

A

True.
Fat soluble vitamins (ADEK) are prone to toxicity problems because they are “too clingy” to your adipose tissues.
They are not readily excreted because of this property.

54
Q

Exclusive breast feeding is recommended until how many months of age?

A

6 months

55
Q

Macronutrients constitute about how many percent of the human body by weight?

A

0.96

56
Q

Minerals constitute about how many percent of human body by weight?

A

0.04

57
Q

Name the three ultra-trace minerals on our body?

A
  1. Iodine
  2. Molybdenum
  3. Selenium

SIM

58
Q

Which trace nutrient is required for the functioning of xanthine oxidase ?

A

Molybdenum

59
Q

Identify the H+ driven metal transporter with a principal role in iron transport and is responsible for iron uptake from the gut and transport from endosomes.

A

Divalent metal transporter 1

60
Q

What is the chief regulator of systemic iron homeostasis?

A

Hepcidin

61
Q

In women, the glycated hemoglobin A1c reflects the weighted average of blood glucose levels during the life cycle of red blood cells, which is around ____ days?

A

120 days

62
Q

Human body can store up to _____ grams of iron , majority of which is bound to apoferritin.

A

1 gram

63
Q

Copper serves as a cofactor in which of the following enzymes? (6)

A
  1. Cytochrome C oxidase
  2. Dopamine B-hydroxylase
  3. Ferroxidases
  4. Lysyl oxidase
  5. Tyrosinase
  6. Cytoplasmic superoxide dismutase

6 FeLTy Copper CD

64
Q

Identify the rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by abnormalities in zinc absorption. It presents with vesicular rashes with pustular crusting, scaling and erythema of the extremities, face, perineum.

A

Acrodermatitis Enterohepathica

65
Q

Manganese serves as a cofactor in which of the following enzymes ? (4)

A
  1. Arginase-1
  2. Glycosyltransferases
  3. Pyruvate Carboxylase
  4. Mitochondrial SOD

PGM Arginine Manga Flavor

66
Q

Minerals important in RBC maturation.

A
  1. Iron for Heme
  2. Cobalt for Vit B12
67
Q

Condition in a patient presenting with fatigue and shortness of breath with hypochromic anemia with Hb 10.4g/dL , MCV 76/m3, MCHS 29g /dL , and decreased absolute reticulocyte count with low Fe2+ , Fe3+ and high TIBC.

A

Iron Deficiency

68
Q

What mineral is essential for the activity of glutathione peroxidase?

A

Selenium

69
Q

What mineral has a regulatory role in hormone action and may be involved in glucose and lipid metabolism?

A

Chromium

70
Q

Cause of anemia in a child of normal weight and height having excessive fatigue living in a 100 year old apartment building and ingesting paint chips; with microcytic hypochromic red cells.

A

Lead

71
Q

Result of a zinc restricted diet.

A

Enhancement in the activity of excitatory nerve fibers.

72
Q

Role of zinc in carbonic anhydrase

A

Catalyzes the reversible hydration and dehydration of carbon dioxide

73
Q

Arsenic inhibits what enzymes in metabolic pathways? (2)

A
  1. Pyruvate decarboxylation pathway - Pyruvate dehydrogenase (Swanson conversion)
  2. TCA Cycle - alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

Biochemistry (19 decks)

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