Vitamins & Minerals Flashcards
Refer to chemically unrelated organic compounds occuring in small quantities in different natural foods
Vitamins
Where the 11-cis form of vitamin A is attached in order for the rods cells in the eye respond to light and transmit response to the optic nerve.
Scotopsin
Which terms refers to provitamins of Vit A present in plants
Carotenoids
This is the most light sensitive pigment present in rod and is formed by covalent association between 11 cis retinal and opsin.
Rhodopsin
What is the collective term for all ocular manifestations of VitaminA deficiency?
Xerophthalmia
Which of the retinoids is required for vision?
Retinal derived from retinol oxidation is required for vision
What is the earliest sign for vitamin A deficiency?
Loss of sensitivity to green light
What vitamin is deficient in patients with phrynoderma (toad skin) ?
Vitamin A
This is the most famous presentation of Vitamin A toxicity
Pseudotumor cerebri
Deficiency in this vitamin results in Wernicke encephalopathy?
Vit B1 Thiamine - Beriberi
Identify the triad seen in Wernicke encephalopathy?
- Confusion
- Ophthalmoplegia
- Ataxia
Wernicke -Korsakoff Syndrome damages which part of the brain?
Mamillary bodies and Thalamus
Vitamin that plays a major role in the transfer of reducing equivalents.
Vit B2 Riboflavin
What is the active form of Vitamin B2?
FAD & FMN
Which vitamin is derived from Tryptophan?
Vit B3 Niacin
What is the active form of Vit B3?
NAD , NADPH
What is the active form of Vit B5 (Pantothenic Acid)?
Coenzyme A
What is the active form of Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)?
Pyridoxal Phosphate
Casal necklace is associated with what vitamin deficiency?
Vit B3 ( Niacin)
Nay asin imo liog
What are the food source of B5 (Pantothenic)?
Eggs
Liver
Yeast
Gopalan’s burning feet syndrome is associated with which vitamin deficiency?
Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic)
What is the biologically active form of Vitamin B6?
Pyridoxal 5- Phosphate
Long term antibiotic use or excessive ingestion of raw white egg whites may lead to what vitamin deficiency?
Vitamin B7 (Biotin)
Vitamin H is also known as ?
Vitamin B7 ( Biotin)
Identify the vitamin that receives one carbon fragments from donors and transfers them to intermediates in the synthesis of amino acids , purines, and thymine.
Vitamin B9 ( Folic Acid)
Advise for patient whois a strict vegetarian and is concerned about getting sufficient iron in his diet?
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) will help in iron absorption if taken.
Subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord is associated with which vitamin deficiency?
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
Which vitamin requires cobalt for synthesis?
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
Schilling test is used to detect which vitamin deficiency?
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
What form of Vitamin B12 is required as the coenzyme for a mutase enzyme?
Deoxyadenosylcobalamin is required to isomerize methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA.
Consequently methylmalonic acid levels rise with B12 deficiency.
Vitamin deficiencies associated with microcytic anemia? (3)
- Iron
- Vitamin C
- Vitamin B6
Vitamin deficiencies associated with macrocytic anemia?
- Vitamin B12
- Vitamin B9
Vitamin deficiencies associated with spinal cord degeneration? (2)
- Vitamin B12
- Vitamin E
What vitamin is essential for collagen synthesis?
Vitamin C
Dopamine B-hydroxylase needs which vitamin as a cofactor?
Vitamin C
What is the most common GI toxicity seen in vitamin C megadosage?
Diarrhea
What vitamin is known as anti-scorbutic factor?
Vitamin C
Identify the form of Vitamin D obtained from fungal organisms (mushrooms, ergots).
Vitamin D2 (Ergocalciferol)
In addition to the performed dietary precursors of active vitamin D, how else do humans obtain precursor?
Humans can synthesize the cholecalciferol precursor of active vitamin D from
7-dehydrocholesterol in skin exposed to sunlight.
Where is the final step in the synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol occurs?
Kidney
Disorders that occur most readily when vitamin D is deficient?
Rickets & Osteomalacia
What is the standard method for determining vitamin D status of the patient?
Measurement of 25-OH cholecalciferol
Less than 20ng/mL of vitamin D is associated with an increase which three cancers?
- Colon
- Breast
- Prostate
Alpha - tocopherol is another term for?
Vitamin E
What fat soluble vitamin plays a role in cell membrane protection?
Vitamin E
Patient diagnosed with primary biliary cirrhosis is at greatest risk for becoming deficient for this vitamin.
Vitamin E
Which vitamin is the most powerful naturally occurring antioxidant?
Vitamin E
Which vitamin is required for post-translational gamma carboxylation of glutamic acid?
Vitamin K
Which vitamin is virtually absent in breastmilk?
Vitamin K
Phytonadione , Menaquinone are forms of ?
Vitamin K
Substances involved in the hydroxylation of proline , lysine in the immature collagen fiber. (4)
- Vitamin C
- Ferrous Iron
- Oxygen
- Alpha-ketoglutarate
COFA
What is the most potent antioxidant?
Alpha-tocopherol
True or False. The risk for toxicity of fat soluble vitamins is high.
True.
Fat soluble vitamins (ADEK) are prone to toxicity problems because they are “too clingy” to your adipose tissues.
They are not readily excreted because of this property.
Exclusive breast feeding is recommended until how many months of age?
6 months
Macronutrients constitute about how many percent of the human body by weight?
0.96
Minerals constitute about how many percent of human body by weight?
0.04
Name the three ultra-trace minerals on our body?
- Iodine
- Molybdenum
- Selenium
SIM
Which trace nutrient is required for the functioning of xanthine oxidase ?
Molybdenum
Identify the H+ driven metal transporter with a principal role in iron transport and is responsible for iron uptake from the gut and transport from endosomes.
Divalent metal transporter 1
What is the chief regulator of systemic iron homeostasis?
Hepcidin
In women, the glycated hemoglobin A1c reflects the weighted average of blood glucose levels during the life cycle of red blood cells, which is around ____ days?
120 days
Human body can store up to _____ grams of iron , majority of which is bound to apoferritin.
1 gram
Copper serves as a cofactor in which of the following enzymes? (6)
- Cytochrome C oxidase
- Dopamine B-hydroxylase
- Ferroxidases
- Lysyl oxidase
- Tyrosinase
- Cytoplasmic superoxide dismutase
6 FeLTy Copper CD
Identify the rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by abnormalities in zinc absorption. It presents with vesicular rashes with pustular crusting, scaling and erythema of the extremities, face, perineum.
Acrodermatitis Enterohepathica
Manganese serves as a cofactor in which of the following enzymes ? (4)
- Arginase-1
- Glycosyltransferases
- Pyruvate Carboxylase
- Mitochondrial SOD
PGM Arginine Manga Flavor
Minerals important in RBC maturation.
- Iron for Heme
- Cobalt for Vit B12
Condition in a patient presenting with fatigue and shortness of breath with hypochromic anemia with Hb 10.4g/dL , MCV 76/m3, MCHS 29g /dL , and decreased absolute reticulocyte count with low Fe2+ , Fe3+ and high TIBC.
Iron Deficiency
What mineral is essential for the activity of glutathione peroxidase?
Selenium
What mineral has a regulatory role in hormone action and may be involved in glucose and lipid metabolism?
Chromium
Cause of anemia in a child of normal weight and height having excessive fatigue living in a 100 year old apartment building and ingesting paint chips; with microcytic hypochromic red cells.
Lead
Result of a zinc restricted diet.
Enhancement in the activity of excitatory nerve fibers.
Role of zinc in carbonic anhydrase
Catalyzes the reversible hydration and dehydration of carbon dioxide
Arsenic inhibits what enzymes in metabolic pathways? (2)
- Pyruvate decarboxylation pathway - Pyruvate dehydrogenase (Swanson conversion)
- TCA Cycle - alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
