Integrative Biochemistry Flashcards
Synthesis of compounds from smaller raw materials.
Anabolic
Given an example of an amphibolic pathway.
Citric Acid Cycle
What is the brain’s primary fuel source in long term fasting?
Ketone bodies
Blood component that is higher in concentration than a normal overnight fast in a person whose been fasting completely for a week?
Ketone bodies
This is a sequence of 10 reactions catalyzed by enzymes leading to the formation of pyruvate releasing free energy.
Glycolysis
This reaction yields ATP and NADH.
Both Glycolysis & Kreb’s cycle
This process has a preparatory or investment phase wherein ATP is consumed and a pay-off phase wherein ATP is produced.
Glycolysis
This process provides precursors of certain amino acids.
Both Glycolysis & Krebs Cycle
The reactions of this process are carried out by 8 enzymes that completely oxidize acetate.
Kreb’s Cycle
Which hormone is produced by B-cells of the islets of Langerhans
Insulin
This is an alternate pathway for ethanol metabolism induced in chronic alcoholics.
Microsomal ethanol oxidation system
Rate limiting enzyme of urea cycle.
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I
Rate limiting enzyme of pyrimidine synthesis.
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II
Most deficient lipids in a teenager with a fat-free diet for several weeks.
Prostaglandins
Characteristic of regulated reactions in glycolysis
- Regulated reactions are also irreversible reactions .
- Include the enzymes hexokinase , phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase.
Action of AMP-activated kinase that explains the adipose tissue benefits of metformin.
Inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin and mtor kinase inhibitor
Characteristic of fasting metabolic state
- Ketone bodies are synthesized in liver in the fasting state and the amount synthesized increases as fasting extends into starvation.
- In the fasting state , the main metabolic fuel for most tissues comes from fatty acids released from adipose tissue
Only GLUT transporter that requires insulin.
GLUT-4 in skeletal muscle & adipose tissue
Hormone on the fed state
Insulin
2nd messenger of Insulin.
Tyrosine Kinase
2nd messenger of glucagon.
cAMP
Storage place of glycogen
Muscle> Liver
Helper of Glycogen Synthase.
Branching enzyme: a-1,6-glycosidic linkage
Organs where glycogenolysis happens.
Muscle > Liver (Liver is a giver)
Missing enzyme in muscle compared to liver.
Glucose-6-Phosphatase
End product of glycogenolysis in the muscle.
Glucose-6-Phosphate
End product of glycogenolysis in the liver.
Glucose
When does Glycogen phosphorylase stop?
Limit Dextrin (4 glucose)
What does a debranching enzyme do?
Liberation of glucose
Reactions that occur in the mitochondria only.
- Beta-oxidation
- Acetyl-coA synthesis
- TCA Cycle
- Oxidative phosphorylation
- Ketogenesis
- Ketolysis
(BATOKK)
What part of the immunoglobulin binds to the antigen?
a. Epitope
b. Paratope
c. Mimitope
d. Isotope
Paratope
Which metabolic process is opposite of gylcolysis?
Gluconeogenesis
What part of the antigen where immunoglobulin binds?
a. Epitope
b. Paratope
c. Mimitope
d. Isotope
Epitope
A non protein component that is a metal ion?
Cofactor
Non protein component that is a small organic molecule?
Coenzyme
- usually derived from vitamins
- can be a cosubstrate or prosthetic group
Molybdenum is a cofactor of what oxidase enzymes?
- Aldehyde
- Sulfite oxidase- Xanthine oxidase
Thiamin vit B1 is an important coenzyme of? (4)
BAPT
-Branched chain ketoacid dehydrogenase
-Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase ( TCA Cycle)
-Pyruvate dehydrogenase ( Glycolysis- TCA Cycle)
-Transketokase (HMP Shunt)
