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Biochemistry > Nucleotide Structure > Flashcards

Nucleotide Structure Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleotide =______________+______________+ ______________

A

Nucleotide = nitrogenous base + pentose sugar + phosphate

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2
Q

This refers to the combination of nitrogenous base & pentose sugar

A

Nucleoside

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3
Q

This serves as the bond between the 5’-OH of pentose sugar and phosphoryl group.

A

Ester bond: Phosphodiester Bond

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4
Q

True or False. DNA-protein interaction is via hydrophobic interaction only.

A

False. DNA -protein interaction is via hydrophobic interaction & ionic bonding.

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5
Q

This rule states that the number of purines = Number of pyrimidines.

A

Chargaff’s Rule

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6
Q

Identify the most abundant chromatin protein.

A

Histones

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7
Q

This type of DNA is the most common form physiologically.

A

B-DNA

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8
Q

Which histone is seen in the linker region?

A

H1

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9
Q

Differentiate Euchromatin versus Heterochromatin.

A

Euchromatin:
1. Less condensed
2. Transcriptionally active
3. Stains less densely

Heterochromatin:
1. Highly condensed
2. Transcriptionally inactive
2. Stains densely

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10
Q

This is the most heterogenous RNA.

A

mRNA

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11
Q

This is the most abundant RNA, about 80% of total RNA.

A

rRNA

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12
Q

What are the unusual bases tRNA?

A
  1. Dihydrouridine
  2. Pseudouridine
  3. Inosine
  4. Ribothymidine
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13
Q

What is the production of an RNA copy from a DNA strand called?

A

Transcription

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14
Q

What activator is responsible for transcription which functions to add one ribonucleotide at a time to an elongating RNA strand?

A

Polymerase

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15
Q

What are the types of non- protein coding RNA?

A
  1. rRNA
    2.IncRNA
    3.tRNA
    4.snRNA
    5.miRNA
    6.siRNA

(MISS TR)

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16
Q

Which type of non-coding RNA play a significant role in diabetes mellitus?

A

IncRNA

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17
Q

Name the 3 stop codons that terminate translation

A
  1. UAA
  2. UGA
  3. UAG
18
Q

The poisonous mushroom Amanita Phalloides (death cap) contains the peptide a-amnitin which inhibits ___________?

A

RNA Polymerase II

19
Q

Which antibiotic binds to the B subunit of bacterial DNA-dependent RNA Polymerase

A

Rifampicin

20
Q

__________ is purine to purine & pyrimidine to pyrimidine

A

Transition

21
Q

_________% of cellular DNA is in mitochondria.

A

0.01%

22
Q

Which DNA is described as left-handed helix with 12 base pairs per turn?

A

Z-DNA

23
Q

This is the adapter molecules that translate the nucleotide sequence of mRNA into specific amino acids.

A

Transfer RNA

24
Q

Which RNA is involved in rRNA and mRNA processing and gene regulation?

A

Small Nuclear RNA

25
Q

Which maintain the separation of the parent strands?

A

Single- stranded DNA binding proteins

26
Q

These are RNA molecules that have the ability to catalyze specific biochemical reactions, including RNA splicing in gene expression, similar to the action of protein enzymes.

A

Ribozymes

27
Q

True or False. G-C bonding is stronger than A-T bonding.

A

True. 3H bonds vs 2H bonds. The higher the G-C content of a DNA, the higher the melting temperature of DNA.

28
Q

DNA is wrapped _______ times over a histone octamer in left-handed helix.

A

1.75 times

29
Q

Identify the number of base pairs per turns in a Z-DNA.

A

12 base pairs

30
Q

Name the two types of grooves of the DNA.

A

Major & Minor grooves

31
Q

Levels of DNA organization that consists of nucleosomes separated by a linker DNA.

A

10nm chromatin fibril

32
Q

True or False. Nucleic acids are negatively charged at physiologic pH.

A

True

33
Q

Levels of DNA organization also known as “solenoid”.

A

30 nm chromatin fibril

34
Q

Characteristics of the genetic code where a certain codon codes, always codes for the same amino acid.

A

Non-ambiguous / Specific

35
Q

Characteristics of a genetic code where codon always code for the same amino acid from generation to generation and between species.

A

Universal

36
Q

What characteristics of a genetic code where a given amino acid may have more than one triple codon coding for it.

A

Redundant / Degenerate

37
Q

What characteristics of a genetic code where DNA is read from a starting point as a continuous sequence of bases , taken three at a time without any gaps?

A

Non-overlapping / Commaless

38
Q

What are the (7) Nitrogenous bases ?

A

Guanine
Adenine
Thymine
Uracil
Cytosine
Xanthine
Hypoxanthine

39
Q

Enumerate (6) Nucleosides ?

A

Guanosine
Adenosine
Thymidine
Cytidine
Uridine
Inosine

Nucleoside = base + Sugar

40
Q

Enumerate (4) Nucleotides?

A

ATP
GMP
UDO
cAMP

Nucleotides = base + sugar + phosphate

Biochemistry (19 decks)

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