vitamins and minerals: chapter 9 Flashcards
what vitamins are fat soluble
a, d, e, k
what food sources contain vitamin a
dairy products, eggs, meat, fish lier oils, carotenes
3 things vitamin a is needed for in the body
vision, normal cell growth, growth of bones and teeth
4 indications for vitamin a
increased demands in infants and pregnant women, acne, psoriasis, keratosis follicularis
3 signs of vitamin a deficiency
night blindness, weakness, increased risk of infection of mucus membranes
6 signs of vitamin a toxicity
irritability, drowsiness, vertigo, coma, vomiting, diarrhea, delirium
what 2 things is vitamin d needed for in the body
proper use of calcium and phosphorus, normal calcification of bone
which disorder is the result of vitamin d deficiency
rickets
what are 5 signs of rickets
soft bones, muscle pain, chest deformities, liver and spleen enlargement, enlarged skull
3 contraindications for the use of vitamin d
hypercalcemia, kidney dysfunction, kidney stones
4 symptoms of vitamin d toxicity
weakness, bone pain, dry mouth, metallic taste
2 mechanisms of action of vitamin e
- protect polyunsaturated fatty acids which is a component of cell membranes
- prevent deterioration of vitamin a and vitamin c
why is vitamin k needed in the body
blood clotting
which clotting factors does vitamin k facilitate synthesis of
II, VII, IX, X
2 indications for the administration of vitamin k
newborns due to malabsorption caused by not enough bile, reverse anti-coagulation in the overdose of warfarin
what are nursing considerations for the administration of vitamin k
dilute and give it over 30-60min if administering via iv
which vitamins are water soluble
vitamin b complex, vitamin c
another name for vitamin b1
thiamine
another name for vitamin b2
riboflavin
another name for vitamin b3
niacin
another name for vitamin b5
pantothenic acid
another name for vitamin b6
pyridoxine
another name for vitamin b9
folic acid
another name for vitamin b12
cyanocobalamin
another name for vitamin c
ascorbic acid
what disease does vitamin b1 deficiency lead to
beriberi
3 consequences of beriberi
brain lesions, abnormal collection of fluid in body tissues, cardiac anatomical changes
what are 5 potential causes of low vitamin b1
poor diet, prolonged fever, liver disease, alcoholism, malabsorption, pregnancy and breastfeeding
two things in the body that vitamin b1 is needed for
- krebs cycle for carbohydrate metabolism
- maintain integrity of the peripheral nervous system, cv system, and gi tract
3 things vitamin b2 is needed for in the body
tissue respiration, activate vitamin b6, maintain erythrocyte integrity
3 things that may cause vitamin b2 deficiency
long-term infection, liver disease, alcoholism
3 things the administration of vitamin b2 can be used to treat
acne, migraines, muscle cramps
what can large doses of vitamin b2 cause
yellow-orange urine
what does a deficiency of vitamin b3 cause
pellagra
what are 4 signs of pellagra
psychotic disorders, crusting and erythema of skin, inflammation of mucosa, bloody diarrhea
2 things vitamin b3 is needed for in the body
- carb, protein, pruine, and lipid metabolism
- tissue respiration
3 contraindications for vitamin b3
liver disease, severe hypotension, active peptic ulcer disease
what can vitamin b6 deficiency lead to
sideroblastic anemia
what 4 things can cause vitamin b6 deficiency
alcoholism, cirrhosis, malabsorption syndromes, heart failure
4 things vitamin b6 is needed for in the body
- protein, carb, and lipid utilization
- synthesis of gaba
- maintain hematopoietic system
- maintain integrity of peripheral nerves, skin, and mucus membranes
3 indications for vitamin b6
seizures unresponsive to usual therapy, morning sickness, metabolic disorders
4 things vitamin b12 is needed for in the body
- nucleoprotein and myelin synthesis
- cell reproduction
- normal growth
- maintenance of normal erythropoiesis
what can a deficiency in vitamin b12 lead to
neurological damage due to the inability to produce myelin
what 2 things could cause a deficiency in vitamin b 12
malabsorption, poor dietary intake
what can prolonged vitamin c deficiency lead to
scurvy
what are 5 signs of scurvy
edema, gingivitis, bleeding gums, loss of teeth, delayed healing
6 things vitamin c is needed for in the body
- collagen synthesis
- maintenance of connective tissue
- tissue repair
- erythropoiesis
- enhance absorption of iron
- synthesis of lipids, proteins, and steroids
3 things calcium is needed for in the body
- development and maintenance of bones and teeth
- catalyst in the coagulation pathway
- maintenance and function of nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems
what 3 things can severe hypercalcium lead to
heart irregularities, delirium, coma
what is the principle cation in the intracellular fluid
magnesium
3 signs of hypomagnesia
cv disturbances, neuromuscular impairment, mental health disorders
2 things magnesium is needed for in the body
muscle contraction, nerve function
what effect can magnesium produce in terms of the neurological system. how
anticonvulsant effect by inhibiting neuromuscular transmission
4 contraindications for the administration of magnesium
heart block, kidney failure, adrenal gland failure, hepatitis
5 signs of hypermagnesia
loss of tendon reflexes, difficult bowel movements, cns depression, respiratory distress, heart block, hypothermia
what 2 things can be used for the treatment of hypermagnesia
iv calcium salt and possibly furosemide
3 things phosphorus is needed for in the body
- synthesis of nucleic acids, AMP, ADP, and ATP
- development of skeletal system and teeth
- proper use of b vitamins
2 things zinc is needed for in the body
normal tissue growth, tissue repair
when should oral calcium be taken in consideration of meals
1-3hrs before meals
what position should the patient maintain after an infusion of calcium. how long should they remain in this position
recumbent for 15min
what is the antidote for magnesium toxicity
calcium gluconate
