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Boards > Vitamins and Minerals > Flashcards

Vitamins and Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Neurological symptoms, acrodynia (peeling of fingertips), enlarged spleen, abdominal pain after eating lots of large fish

A

Mercury poisoning

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2
Q

Common sources of mercury poisoning

A

shark, tilefish, king mackerel, swordfish

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3
Q

Decreased IQ, growth impairment, hearing problems, abdominal pain, encephalopathy, peripheral neuropathy (wrist and foot drop), blue lines on gums, basophilic stippling on smear, ringed sideroblasts

A

Lead poisoning

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4
Q

Treatment for lead poisoning

A

succimer, EDTA

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5
Q

Nausea, vomiting, gastric bleeding (possibly), metabolic acidosis, eventual scarring leading to GI obstruction

A

iron poisoning

- commonly kid consuming too many of mom’s prenatal vitamins

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6
Q

Treatment for iron poisoning

A

chelation with deferoxamine

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7
Q

Delayed wound healing, hypogonadism (leading to infertility), decreased body and pubic hair growth, dysgeusia, anosmia, acrodermatitis enteropathica (rash around eyes, mouth, nose, anus)

A

Zinc deficiency

-zinc is needed for zinc fingers –> allows transcription factors to bind, therefore required during times of high cell turnover like healing

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8
Q

Signs of hypocalcemia

A

Trousseau - tighten BP cuff and hand cramps up

Chvostek - stroke cheek and facial muscles twitch

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9
Q

Signs of hypercalcemia

A

Stones - kidney stones
Bones - bone pain
Moans - abdominal pain
Groans - weakness, confusion, lethargy

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10
Q

Different forms of Vit D and their sources

A

D2 - plants
D3 - milk, sun-exposure

25-OH D3 = storage form (what is measured on labs, made by 25-hydroxylase in liver)
1,25-OH2 D3 = active form (made by kidney by 1alpha-hydroxylase)

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11
Q

Bone tenderness, bowing of legs, tooth problems, muscle weakness, tetany

A

Vit D deficiency (Rickets in kids, osteomalacia in adults)

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12
Q

Hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria, loss of appetite, stupor, can be seen with Sarcoidosis

A

Vit D excess - leads to high calcium

Sarcoid - macs increase activation of Vit D

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13
Q

Hemolytic anemia, muscle weakness, ataxia

A

Vit E deficiency

ataxia due to posterior column and spinocerebellar tract demyelination

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14
Q

Function of Vit E

A

antioxidant - protects RBCs from free radical damage

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15
Q

Epistaxis, hematoma, GI bleeding, easy bruising, can be associated with recent broad-spectrum Abx use

A

Vit K deficiency

-due to abx, fat malabsorption (CF pts), warfarin, phenytoin

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16
Q

Function Vit K

A

cofactor for gamma-carboxylation of glutamic acid residues on various proteins required for blood clotting, synthesize by intestinal flora (MICRO = AWESOME)

Factors 2, 7, 9, 10, Protein S and C

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17
Q

What are neonates given IM Vit K shot at birth?

A

neonates have sterile intestines and can’t produce Vit K - can result in neonate hemorrhage (increased PT and PTT)

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18
Q

Swollen gums, loose teeth, brusing, petechiae, hemarthrosis, anemia, poor wound healing, corkscrew hair

A

Vit C deficiency

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19
Q

Function of Vit C

A

antioxidant, facilitates iron absorption by keeping iron in Fe2+ state, hydroxylation of proline and lysine residues on collagen, needed by dopamine beta-hydroxylase which converts dopamine to NE

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20
Q

What collagen residues are hydroxylated with the help of Vit C?

A

proline, lysine

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21
Q

Night blindness (nyctalopia), dry, scaly skin (xerosis cutis), corneal degeneration (keratomalacia), bitot spots on conjunctiva

A

Vit A deficiency

22
Q

N/V, vertigo, blurred vision, alopecia, dry skin, hepatic toxicity and enlargement, arthalgias, pseudotumor cerebri (increased ICP), teratogenic

A

Vit A excess

23
Q

Function of vit A

A

antioxidant, visual pigments (retinal), differentiation of epithelial cells

24
Q

What diseases can be treated with Vit A?

A

acne, wrinkles, measles, AML-M3

25
Q

Cofactor for pyruvate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, transketolase, branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase

A

thiamine (Vitamin B1) - needed to be able to breakdown glucose for fuel for brain

activated form is thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)

26
Q

Presents as either dry beriberi, wet beriberi, or Wernicke-Korsakoff

A

Thiamine (B1) deficiency

27
Q

encephalopathy/confusion, ataxia, ophthalmoplegia

A

Wernicke

-seen in malnourished or alcoholics

28
Q

encephalopathy/confusion, ataxia, ophthalmoplegia + confabulation, personality changes, memory loss

A

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

-most commonly seen in Alcoholics

29
Q

What is damaged in Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?

A

medial dorsal nucleus of the thalamus, mammillary bodies (also see general cerebral atrophy)

30
Q

Treatment for thiamine (B1) deficiency

A

thiamine supplemented followed by glucose - will see increase in RBC transketolase activity

31
Q

polyneuritis, peripheral neuropathy, symmetrical muscle wasting in a malnourished person or alcoholic

A

Dry beriberi - affects nerves

32
Q

high-output cardiac failure, dilated cardiomyopathy, peripheral vasodilation, edema in a malnourished person or alcoholic

A

Wet beriberi - affects heart

33
Q

Cheilosis, glossitis, corneal vascularization

A

Vit B2 deficiency (riboflavin)

34
Q

Cofactor for redox reactions (dehydrogenase rxn)

A 
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) - component of FAD and FMN
Vitamin B3 (niacin) - component of NAD, NADP
35
Q

Presents with dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia (pellegra)

A

Vitamin B3 deficiency (niacin)
Hartnup disease - deficiency of neutral AA transport (can’t absorb tryptophan)
Malignant carcinoid syndrome - increase tryp metabolism
Isoniazid

36
Q

What vitamin is derived from tryptophan?

A

niacin

37
Q

What is niacin used to treat and what is the main side effect?

A

hyperlipidemia - lowers LDL, raises HDL

SE = facial flushing

38
Q

What vitamin is a component of coenzyme A?

A

Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid)

deficiency - dermatitis, enteritis, alopecia, adrenal insufficiency

39
Q

Presents with convulsions, hyperirritability, peripheral neuropathy, sideroblastic anemia, glossitis, cheilosis

A

Vitamin B6 deficiency (pyridoxine)

40
Q

Cofactor for transamination and deaminations (transferring amino groups), needed by ALT/AST

A

Vitamin B6 - pyridoxal phosphate is active form

41
Q

What compounds are synthesized by using Vitamin B6 (pyridoxal phosphate)?

A

GABA (def. leads to seizures), dopamine, NE, epi, serotonin, cystathione, heme, niacin, histamine

42
Q

Cofactor for carboxylation (CO2 to add 1 carbon)

A

Vitamin B7 (biotin)

43
Q

What two things can cause a biotin deficiency and dermatitis, alopecia, enteritis?

A

eating raw egg whites, antibiotic use

44
Q

What vitamins are important for the synthesis of DNA and RNA?

A

Vitamin B9 (folate), Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)

45
Q

What vitamin is needed for 1-carbon transfers/methylation, DNA and RNA synthesis by producing bases?

A

Vitamin B9 - folate (active form is tetrahydrofolic acid)

46
Q

Most common vitamin deficiency in US

A

folate - found in green leafy vegetables

47
Q

Megaloblastic anemia, hypersegmented neutrophils, glossitis, no neuro symptoms

A

folate deficiency - can be caused by drugs (phenytoin, SMP-TMX, Mtx) or pregnancy or alcoholism

48
Q

Megaloblastic anemia, hypersegmented neutrophils, parathesias (degeneration of dorsal columns, lateral corticospinal tracts, spinocerebellar tracts)

A

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency

prolonged def. can lead to irreversible nerve damage

49
Q

What vitamins are made microbes?

A 
Vitamin K (in our guts) 
Vitamin B12 (synthesized by microbes in animals)
50
Q

Causes of Vitamin B12 deficiency

A

malabsorption in terminal ileum - celiac, enteritis, diphyllobothrium latum
lack of intrinsic factors (pernicious anemia, gastric bypass)
absence of terminal ileum (surgical resection for Chron’s)
insufficient intake (vegan)

51
Q

What is diagnostic for pernicious anemia?

A

anti-intrinsic factor antibodies

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