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Boards > Oncology > Flashcards

Oncology Flashcards

1
Q

Lymphoma that is equivalent of chronic lymphocytic leukemia

A

Small lymphocytic lymphoma

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2
Q

Presents with skin lesions that show cerebriform nuclei, can spill into blood and cause leukemia

A

Mycosis fungoides, in the blood its called Sezary syndrome

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3
Q

What disease is associated with adult T-cell lymphoma?

A

HTLV infection, seen in IV drug abusers or populations from Japan, West Africa, Caribbean

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4
Q

What diseases are associated with Marginal cell MALT lymphoma?

A

Sjogren syndrome, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, H. pylori

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5
Q

Mantle cell lymphoma translocation

A

t(11;14) - cyclin D1 and heavy-chain Ig

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6
Q

Lymphomas associated with t(14;18)

A

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and Follicular lymphoma

-translocation of Bcl-2 and heavy-chain Ig

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7
Q

Translocation in Burkitt

A

t(8;14) - transforms c-myc oncogene to heavy-chain Ig location

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8
Q

Difference in sporadic and endemic Burkitt lymphoma

A

endemic - jaw lesion, seen in Africa

sporadic - pelvis or abdomen lesion

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9
Q

Starry sky appearance of lymphocytes with interspersed tingible body macrophages, endemic and sporadic form, associated with EBV

A

Burkitt lymphoma

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10
Q

Most common non-Hodgkin lymphoma in kids

A

Lymphoblastic lyphoma

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11
Q

Most common non-Hodgkin lymphoma in adults

A

Diffuse large B cell lymphoma

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12
Q

Localized, single group of enlarged non-tender lymph nodes, B-symptoms, good prognosis

A

Hodgkin lymphoma

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13
Q

Ages affected by Hodgkin lymphoma

A

20s and around 65

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14
Q

Characteristic cells seen on histology of Hodgkin lymphoma

A

Reed-sternberg - binucleated giant cells that look like owl’s eyes, CD15 and CD30+
-amount determines prognosis (fewer Reed-sternberg is a better prognosis)

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15
Q

B symptoms of Hodgkin lymphoma

A

fever, night sweats, weight loss

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16
Q

Most common leukemia in kids, tons of lymphoblasts, bone pain is common, associated with Down syndrome

A

ALL

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17
Q

Marker that is present in ALL

A

+ Tdt

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18
Q

Smudge cells, CD20+, CD19+, CD5+, associated with AI hemolytic anemia, seen in older adults >60, most common leukemia in adults

A

CLL (smudge cells = crushed little lymphs)

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19
Q

Seen in middle aged adults (around 60), Auer rods, tons of myeloblasts, + myeloperoxidase
associated with prior radiation, benzene, alkylating agents, myeloproliferative dz, Down syndrome

A

AML

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20
Q

Translocation present in some AML forms and the treatment

A

t(15;17) - tx with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)

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21
Q

Always have Philadelphia chromosome, dysregulated production of mature and maturing granulocytes, splenomegaly, fatigue, abdominal pain, can accelerate to blast crisis, negative for leukocyte alkaline phosphatase

A

CML

blast crisis - transforms to AML or ALL

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22
Q

What is the Philadelphia chromosome?

A

t(9;22) - BCR-ABL hybrid that encodes a constitutively active tyrosine kinase
-tx CML with imatinib (anti-tyrosine kinase)

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23
Q

Characteristic auer rods

A

AML-M3 subtype

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24
Q

What type of leukemia do myeloproliferative disorders progress to?

A

AML

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25
Q

Classic symptoms of Multiple Myeloma

A

Jerry is a CRAB - Calcium is high, Renal involvement, Anemia, Bone lytic lesions/back pain

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26
Q

What is seen on UA with MM?

A

nothing - have to do electrophoresis to see Ig light chains, called Bence Jones proteins (IgG)

27
Q

Most common tumor arising from bone in adults

A

Multiple Myeloma

28
Q

M spike associated with high IgM, hyperviscous blood, no bone lesions

A

Waldenstrom-Macroglobulinemia

29
Q

Tear-drop red cells associated with fibrosis on bone marrow bx

A

Myelofibrosis

30
Q

Headache + pruritis + plethora (red hands and feet)

A

Polycythemia

31
Q

Cancers that metastasize to brain

A

“Lots of Bad Stuff Kills Glia” - Lung, Breast, Skin (melanoma), Kidney, GI (colon)

32
Q

Cancers that metastasize to bone

A

“Permanently Relocated Tumors Like Bone” - Prostate, Renal Cell carcinoma, Thyroid, Lung, Breast

33
Q

Cancers that metastasize to liver

A

“Cancer Sometimes Penetrates Benign Liver” - Colon, Stomach, Pancreas, Breast, Lung

34
Q

Cancers that show psammoma bodies

A

PSaMMoma - Pheocromocytoma, Serous papillary cystadenocaricnoma of ovary, Meningioma, Malignant mesothelioma

35
Q

Cancer that causes Cushing syndrome (increased ACTH)

A

Small cell lung cancer

36
Q

Cancer that causes SIADH

A

Small cell lung cancer

37
Q

Cancers that cause Hypercalcemia

A

Squamous cell lung cancer (releases PTHrP), Multiple Myeloma, Hodgkin lymphoma (increases Vit D), Other carcinomas (renal, head and neck cancers, bladder, breast)

38
Q

Cancers that cause Polycythemia (increase EPO)

A

“Potentially Really High Hematocrit” - Pheocromocytomas, Renal Cell Carcinoma, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Hemangioblastoma

39
Q

Cancer that causes muscle weakness that improves with use

A

Small cell lung cancer - makes abs to Ca2+ channels at NMJ, called Lambert-Eaton syndrome

40
Q

Cancer associated with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

A

marginal cell lymphoma

41
Q

Most common tumor suppressor gene that is mutated

A

p53

42
Q

What does p53 normally do?

A

acts as a check point for G1 –> S phase, G2 –> M phase; normally activates p21

43
Q

What cancers is Rb associated with?

A

osteosarcoma, retinoblastoma

44
Q

Most common oncogene

A

RAS - colon cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer

45
Q

What occurs when RAS is mutated?

A

constitutively active GTPase that doesn’t require receptor binding

46
Q

What disease and gene are associated with bilateral acoustic schwannomas?

A

Neurofibromatosis 2 - NF2 tumor suppressor is mutated

47
Q

What is normal function of most tumor suppressor genes?

A

control cell cycle progression

48
Q

What protein is normally bound by Rb?

A

E2F transcription factor

49
Q

What is normal function of many proto-oncogenes?

A

regulate cell proliferation and differentiation

-kinases, receptors

50
Q

Top cancers for incidence and mortality in men

A

Incidence - Prostate > lung > colon

Mortality - Lung > prostate > colon

51
Q

Top cancers for incidence and mortality in women

A

Incidence - Breast > lung > colon (uterine)

Mortality - Lung > breast > colon

52
Q

What cancer is associated with benzene and naphthylamine exposure?

A

transitional cell carcinoma (bladder)

53
Q

What cancers are associated with radiation?

A

papillary thyroid carcinoma, CML, AML

54
Q

What cancers is EBV associated with?

A

Burkitt lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma

55
Q

What type of bladder cancer is smoking associated with?

A

Transitional cell carcinoma

56
Q

What type of cancer is schistosoma haematobium associated with?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma (think S for schistosoma and squamous cell)

57
Q

What cancer can acanthosis nigricans be a sign for?

A

gastric adenocarcinoma (usually associated with obesity and diabetes)

58
Q

What cancer is associated with Aspergillosis?

A

aflatoxins - hepatocellular carcinoma

59
Q

What cancers are associated with alcohol use?

A

squamous cell carcinoma (esophagus), hepatocellular carcinoma

60
Q

Tumor marker for hepatocellular carcinoma and testicular tumors

A

alpha-fetoprotein

61
Q

Tumor marker for ovarian cancer

A

CA 125

62
Q

Tumor marker for pancreatic and colon cancer

A

CEA

63
Q

Tumor marker for pancreatic cancer

A

CA 19-9 (and CEA)

64
Q

Tumor associated with alkaline phosphatase tumor marker

A

mets to bone, Paget dz of bone

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