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Anatomy: Nerves and Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

Long thoracic nerve innervates

A

serratus anterior –> holds scapula to thorax

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2
Q

Damage to long thoracic nerve

A

winged scapula

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3
Q

Suprascapular nerve

A

infraspinatus –> external rotation

supraspinatus –> abducts arm

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4
Q

Lateral pectoral nerve

A

pectoralis major –> flexion, adduction, and medial rotation

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5
Q

Upper subscapular nerve

A

subscapularis –> internal rotation

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6
Q

Thoracodorsal nerve

A

latissimus dorsi –> extension, adduction, transverse extension, flexion from an extended position and internal rotation

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7
Q

Lower subscapular nerve

A

teres major –> medial rotation and adduction

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8
Q

Musculocutaneous nerve

A

biceps, coracobrachialis, and brachialis –> major flexors of arm

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9
Q

Axillary nerve

A

deltoid –> abduction

teres minor –> lateral rotation of the humerus

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10
Q

Radial nerve

A

triceps and extensors –> extend forearm

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11
Q

Medial nerve

A

pronators and thenar muscles –> pronate the arm

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12
Q

Ulnar nerve

A

flexor carpi ulnaris, interosseus, hypothenar –> flex and adduct the hand

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13
Q

Major function of muscles innervated by radial nerve

A

extend forearm, wrist, and fingers

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14
Q

Sensation provided by radial nerve

A

posterior arm, dorsal side of hand

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15
Q

Muscles innervated by radial nerve

A

BEST - brachioradialis, extensors, supinator, triceps brachii

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16
Q

Key pathologic finding with radial nerve injury

A

wrist drop

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17
Q

Pathology that occurs with compression of radial nerve against spiral groove of the humerus

A

Saturday night palsy –> wrist drop, difficulty straightening fingers, numbness on the back of the hand and posterior arm

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18
Q

What nerve is damaged with fracture to the shaft of the humerus?

A

radial nerve

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19
Q

What muscles are innervated by the ulnar nerve?

A

hypothenar muscles –> control hand and 5th digit
3rd and 4th lumbricals –> flex at MCP and extend at IP joints
Interosseous –> abducts and adducts digits
Adductor pollicis –> adducts thumb

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20
Q

What areas are provided with sensation by the ulnar nerve?

A

5th digit and half of 4th digit

medial side of palm and dorsal hand

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21
Q

What does damage to the proximal ulnar nerve cause? (i.e. fracture of medial epicondyle)

A

loss of flexion of the wrist and digits

-looks like pt is make the OK sign with digits 1-3

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22
Q

What does damage to the distal ulnar nerve cause? (i.e. fractured hook of hamate)

A

Ulnar claw - MCP joint hyperextension and IP joint flexion at 4th and 5th digits

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23
Q

What deficits can be seen with ulnar nerve injury?

A

loss of sensation to half of 4th digit and 5th digit, weak abduction and adduction of digits, hypothenar wasting

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24
Q

What is the major function of the muscles innervated by the median nerve?

A

flexion and pronation

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25
What muscles are innervated by the median nerve?
pronator teres and pronator quadratus --> pronate hand flexor carpi radialis and palmaris longus --> flex forearm flexor digitorum superficialis and lateral half of flexor digitorum profundus --> flex wrist and digits flexor pollicis longus --> flexes thumb 1st and 2nd lumbricals --> flex MCP joints and extend IP joints
26
What sensation is provided by the median nerve?
lateral palm and first 3 1/2 digits
27
What pathology is seen with median nerve injury at the elbow?
Ape hand - loss of thumb abduction
28
What pathology is seen with median nerve injury above the elbow?
Hand of benediction - loss of flexion of the 2nd and 3rd digits
29
What pathology is seen with entrapment of the median nerve under the flexor retinaculum?
Carpal tunnel syndrome - numbness of the first 3 1/2 digits | -can also be damaged with suicide attempt by slitting wrists
30
What muscles are innervated the musculocutaneous nerve?
coracobrachialis, biceps, and brachialis --> flex and supinate forearm
31
What sensation is provided by the musculocutaneous nerve?
sensation to the lateral side of the forearm
32
What pathology is seen with damage to the musculocutaneous nerve?
decreased flexion and supination of forearm
33
What muscles are innervated by the axillary nerve?
deltoid --> abducts shoulder long head of triceps --> extends forearm teres minor --> externally rotates arm
34
What sensation is provided by the axillary nerve?
lateral shoulder
35
What pathology can be seen with injury of the axillary nerve?
loss of abduction + weak flexion, extension and rotation of shoulder loss of sensation to lateral shoulder
36
What types of injury are associated with damage to the axillary nerve?
dislocation of the shoulder | fracture of the surgical neck of the humerus
37
What artery runs with the axillary nerve and can be damaged with fracture of the surgical neck of the humerus?
posterior circumflex artery
38
What muscle is innervated by the long thoracic nerve?
Serratus anterior --> holds scapula to the thorax
39
What pathology is associated with damage to the long thoracic nerve?
winged scapula | -due to blow to the neck or shoulder or after radical mastectomy
40
What deficit is seen with damage to the upper trunk of the brachial plexus?
Erb palsy (Waiter's tip) - arm hangs by side, is medially rotated, arm extended and pronated
41
What types of injury cause Erb palsy?
infants - lateral traction on neck during delivery, adults - trauma
42
What nerves are damaged with injury to the upper trunk?
suprascapular - infraspinatus, supraspinatus musculocutaneous - biceps brachii axillary - deltoid -roots C5 and C6
43
What deficits are seen with damage to the lower trunk of the brachial plexus?
Klupke's palsy - total claw hand - lumbricals can't flex MCP joints and can't extend DIP and PIP joints - lose sensation to inner hand, inner forearm
44
What types of injury cause Klumpke's palsy?
infants - upward force on arm during delivery, adults - grabbing onto a tree branch to break fall
45
What nerves are damaged in Klumpke's palsy?
C8-T1 roots | -primarily damage to ulnar nerve
46
What is thoracic outlet syndrome?
compression of lower trunk and subclavian vessels --> results in same presentation as Klumpke's palsy + ischemia/pain/edema due to vascular compression
47
What types of injury cause thoracic outlet syndrome?
pancoast tumor, cervical rib fracture
48
What motor function does the femoral nerve innervate?
hip flexors - psoas, iliacus, pectineus, sartorius | knee extensors
49
What sensation does the femoral nerve provide?
anterior thigh, medial lower leg
50
What nerve is injured in a pelvic fracture?
femoral nerve
51
What nerve is injured in an anterior hip dislocation?
obturator nerve
52
What motor innervation does the obturator nerve supply?
``` hip adduction (main function) knee flexion ```
53
What sensation does the obturator nerve supply?
medial thigh
54
What motor innervation does the superior gluteal nerve supply?
hip abduction, medial rotation NO SENSATION
55
What nerve is damaged if a patient is showing Trendelenburg gait?
superior gluteal nerve - tilt pelvis to contralateral side of injury
56
What nerve is commonly damaged in polio?
superior gluteal nerve
57
What nerve is injured with a posterior hip dislocation?
superior gluteal nerve or inferior gluteal nerve
58
What nerve innervates the gluteus maximus to cause hip extension and lateral rotation?
inferior gluteal nerve
59
What nerve is injured in a hip replacement?
inferior gluteal nerve
60
What nerve is injured if a pt can't stand up or walk up stairs?
inferior gluteal nerve
61
What is the motor innervation of the sciatic nerve?
hip extension and knee flexion
62
What sensation is provided by sciatic nerve?
posterior thigh and gluteal regions, entire lower leg except medial aspect
63
What pathologies can lead to damage of the sciatic nerve?
intervertebral disc herniation, spinal stenosis, spondylolisthesis
64
What motor innervation is provided by the tibial nerve?
plantar flexion, unlocks knee, toe flexion
65
What sensation is provided by the tibial nerve?
sole of the foot, back of the calf
66
What nerve is damaged with knee injuries?
tibial nerve
67
What nerve is damaged with lateral knee trauma?
deep fibular nerve (deep peroneal nerve)
68
What does damage to the deep fibular nerve cause?
foot drop
69
What motor innervation is provided by the deep fibular nerve?
foot eversion, foot dorsiflexion
70
What sensation is provided by the deep fibular nerve?
webbing of the first and second digits
71
What pathologies are associated with injury to the common fibular nerve?
foot drop, fracture of the neck of fibula, habitual leg crossing, chronic compression
72
What sensation is provided by the common fibular nerve?
lateral lower leg, dorsal side of foot (top of foot)
73
What motor innervation is provided by the common fibular nerve?
peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, short head of the biceps femoris

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