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Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Stimulates bone and muscle growth

A

GH

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2
Q

stimulates milk production

A

Prolactin

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3
Q

Stimulates milk secretion

A

Oxytocin

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4
Q

Stimulates metabolic activity

A

thyroid hormone

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5
Q

Increases blood glucose and decreases protein synthesis

A

Cortisol (glucocorticoids)

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6
Q

Preps endometrium for implantation/maintenance of pregnancy

A

Progesterone

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7
Q

Stimulates adrenals to make and secrete cortisol

A

ACTH

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8
Q

Stimulates follicle maturation in females and spermatogenesis in males

A

FSH

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9
Q

Increases plasma calcium, bone resorption

A

PTH

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10
Q

Decreases plasma calcium, increase bone formation

A

Calcitonin

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11
Q

Stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone synthesis in males

A

LH

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12
Q

Stimulates thyroid to produce TH and uptake iodine

A

TSH

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13
Q

Secretes growth hormone

A

anterior pituitary

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14
Q

secretes glucocorticoids

A

adrenals

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15
Q

secretes progesterone

A

ovaries

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16
Q

secretes prolactin

A

anterior pituitary

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17
Q

secretes oxytocin

A

hypothalamus paraventricular nucleus (stored in posterior pituitary)

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18
Q

secretes atrial natriuretic peptide

A

atria of heart

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19
Q

secretes glucagon

A

pancreas alpha cells

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20
Q

secretes testosterone

A

testes, ovaries

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21
Q

secretes FSH

A

anterior pituitary

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22
Q

secretes ADH (vasopressin)

A

hypothalamus (stored in posterior pituitary)

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23
Q

secretes calcitonin

A

C-cells of parathyroids

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24
Q

secretes TSH

A

anterior pituitary

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25
Q

secretes epi and NE

A

adrenal cortex

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26
Q

secretes insulin

A

beta cells of pancreas

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27
Q

secretes estradiol

A

ovaries

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28
Q

secretes estriol

A

placenta

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29
Q

secretes estrone

A

fat

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30
Q

secretes estrogen in males

A

testes

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31
Q

secretes somatostatin

A

delta cells of pancreas

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32
Q

secretes LH

A

anterior pituitary

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33
Q

secretes mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

A

adrenals

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34
Q

secretes ACTH

A

anterior pituitary

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35
Q

inability to breastfeed, amenorrhea, cold intolerance

A

Sheehan syndrome - ischemic infarct of pituitary after delivery

36
Q

hormones that share a common alpha subunit

A

TSH, LH, FSH, hCG

37
Q

infertility, galactorrhea, bitemporal hemianopsia

A

prolactinoma

38
Q

Mnemonic for remembering the symptoms of the congenital adrenal hyperplasia syndrome

A

1 first number = hypertension

1 second number = masculinization

39
Q

Phenotypic female unable to mature, hypertension, salt and water retention

A

17alpha-hydroxylase deficiency

40
Q

Virilization of genetic female, hypotension, salt wasting, high K+, elevated ACTH

in genetic males, it will present with precocious puberty

A

21alpha-hydroxylase deficiency (most common CAH syndrome)

41
Q

Excessive sodium excretion in urine, early death, unable to produce glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, androgens, and estrogens

A

3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency

42
Q

What drug blocks desmolase ability to form pregnenolone from cholesterol?

A

ketoconazole

43
Q

Virilization of genetic female, hypertension, salt and water retention

A

11beta-hydroxylase deficiency

44
Q

Causes of Cushing syndrome

A

exogenous corticosteroids (most common)
ACTH secreting small cell lung cancer
Cushing disease (pituitary tumor making ACTH)
Adrenal tumor making cortisol

45
Q

Side effects of cortisol use of Cushing syndrome

A

BAM, CUSHINGOID
Buffalo hump, Amenorrhea/acne, Moon facies, Crazy, Ulcers, Skin changes (striae, bruising, thin skin), HTN, Infections, Necrosis of femoral head, Glaucoma/cataracts, Osteoporosis, Immunosuppression, Diabetes

46
Q

What is the only tumor that will be suppressed by the high-dose dexamethasone test?

A

ACTH producing pituitary tumor (Cushing disease)

47
Q

Triad of hypertension, metabolic alkalosis, hypokalemia

A

hyperaldosteronism

48
Q

Most common cause of primary hyperaldosteronism

A

Adrenal adenoma (Conn syndrome)

49
Q

Medical treatment for hyperaldoesteronism

A

Spirinolactone, Eplerenone

50
Q

Adrenal insufficiency with skin pigmentation

A

Addison’s disease (AI destruction of adrenals)

51
Q

Hypotension, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hypoglycemia, fatigue, weight loss, anorexia

A

Primary adrenal insufficiency

52
Q

Tx of primary adrenal insufficiency

A

glucocorticoids, fludracortisone (mineralocorticoid)

53
Q

Causes of secondary hyperaldosteronism (high renin and aldosterone)

A

renal artery stenosis, JG cell tumor, CHF, cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome (detect hypoperfusion/low BP)

54
Q

Pituitary tumors, Pancreatic endocrine tumors (Z-E syndrome, VIPoma, insulinoma), Parathyroid adenomas

A

MEN 1 (PPP)

55
Q

Mutation in MEN 1

A

MEN 1 - tumor suppressor

56
Q

Mutation in MEN2A and 2B

A

RET - receptor tyrosine receptor

57
Q

Parathyroid hyperplasia, medullary thyroid cancer, pheocromocytoma

A

MEN 2A (PPM)

58
Q

Pheocromocytoma, medullary thyroid cancer, mucosal neruomas

A

MEN 2B (PMM)

59
Q

Most common tumor of adrenal medulla in kids

A

Neuroblastoma

60
Q

Features of neuroblastoma

A

Homer-Wright rossettes
Neurofibrillary stain
N-myc oncogene overexpression
Bombesin tumor marker

61
Q

Symptoms of pheocromocytoma

A

Paroxysms of palpitations (tachycardia), perspiration, pain (HA), pallor, pressure (HTN)

62
Q

Treatment of pheocromocytoma

A

Alpha blocker - phenoxybenzamine, pentolamine
can follow with beta blocker
surgical resection

beta blocker alone will cause hypertensive crisis due to vasoconstriction of alpha agonism

63
Q

Diagnosis of pheocromocytoma

A

VMA in urine, metanephrine and normetanephrine in plasma

64
Q

Remnant of the thyroglossal duct

A

foramen cecum

65
Q

Enlarged, non-tender thyroid with lymphoid aggregates on bx, Hurthle cells, associated with autoantibodies and hypothyroidism

A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

66
Q

Fixed, rock hard painless goiter, hypothyroidism, fibrous tissue with eosinophils and macs on bx, may extend into local structures

A

Riedel thyroiditis

67
Q

Hypothyroidism with very tender thyroid + granulomatous inflammation following URI

A

Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis

68
Q

Effects of congenital hypothyroidism (cretinism)

A

intellectual disability, impaired growth, protuberant abdomen, protuberant tongue

69
Q

Hyperthyroidism, pretibial myxedema, proptosis and exopthalmos, goiter, increased uptake of radioactive iodine, thyroid stimulating Abs

A

Grave’s disease

70
Q

Thyrotoxicosis in a pt who is repleted with iodine after being deficient

A

Jod-Basedow phenomenon

71
Q

Complications of thyroidectomy

A

hoarseness - damage to recurrent laryngeal nerve

hypocalcemia - removal of parathyroid glands

72
Q

Empty-appearing nuclei with central clearing, nuclei can look like ground glass, psammoma bodies, nuclear grooves, most common thyroid cancer

A

Papillary carcinoma

73
Q

Papillary carcinoma gene mutations

A

RET and BRAF - both receptor tyrosine kinases

74
Q

Follicular carcinoma gene mutation

A

RAS

75
Q

Unique spread via hematogenous spread, uniform cuboidal cells, invasion thru thyroid capsule

A

Follicular carcinoma

76
Q

Originates from parafollicular C cells, associated with high calcitonin, polygonal stroma, amyloid stoma, MEN 2A and 2B

A

Medullary carcinoma

-screen all pts for pheocromocytoma due to MEN association

77
Q

Older pt with rock hard thyroid, poor prognosis

A

Anaplastic carcinoma

78
Q

What is lymphoma in the thyroid associated with?

A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

79
Q

Location of GLUT-1 transporters

A

RBCs, brain, cornea, placenta (insulin independent)

80
Q

Location of GLUT-4 transporters

A

skeletal muscle, adipose tissue (insulin dependent)

81
Q

Location of GLUT-2 transporters

A

Beta cells of pancreas, kidneys, liver, small intestine (insulin independent)

82
Q

What type of receptor is insulin?

A

tyrosine kinase

83
Q

Mechanism of insulin release from beta cells

A

glucose metabolized –> increase ATP –> close K+ channels –> hyperpolarize cell –> open VG Ca2+ channels –> Ca2+ influx –> insulin released from vesicles

84
Q

What complications of diabetes are associated with nonenzymatic glycosylation?

A

small vessel dz - retinopathy, nephropathy

large vessel dz - atherosclerosis, CAD, peripheral vascular dz, gangrene (limb loss)

85
Q

What complications of diabetes are associated with osmotic damage?

A

neuropathy, cataracts

86
Q

How are tissues damaged in diabetes due to osmotic damage?

A

Schwann cells, retina, kidneys, lens lack sorbitol dehydrogenase, so they can’t convert sorbitol to fructose

-do have aldose reductase to form sorbitol from glucose

87
Q

What are two life threatening complications of DKA?

A

arrhythmias - due to hyperkalemia

Mucormycosis caused by rhizopus infection - lethal brain fungus infection

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