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Micro Flashcards

1
Q

Transmitted by the Ixodes tick (live on deer and mice)

A

Anaplasma spp. and Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease)

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2
Q

What bug is associated with cat scratch disease?

A

Bartonella spp.

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3
Q

What bug is associated with lice?

A

Borrelia recurrentis - relapsing fever

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4
Q

What bug is associated with unpasteurized dairy and cows?

A

brucella spp. - undulant fever (granulomatous dz)

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5
Q

What bug is associated with bloody diarrhea + birds(chicken)/pigs as pets or food?

A

Campylobacter

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6
Q

What bug is associated with parrots and other birds?

A

Chlamydophila psittaci - psittacosis (fever and dry cough)

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7
Q

What bug is associated with sheep/cattle amniotic fluid?

A

Coxiella burnetii - Q fever (flu-like sx and fever for weeks), culture negative endocarditis

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8
Q

What endocarditis bug is associated with colon cancer?

A

Strep bovis

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9
Q

What bug is associated with the Lone Star Tick (amblyomma)?

A

Ehrlichia chaffeensis (HA, myalgia, fever)

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10
Q

What bug is associated with rabbits?

A

Francisella tularensis (tularemia - concern for bioterrorism)

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11
Q

What bug is associated with animal urine?

A

Leptospira spp.

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12
Q

What bug is associated with lepromatous leprosy and transmitted by armadillos?

A

mycobacterium leprae

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13
Q

What bug is associated with dog and cat bites?

A

Pasteurella multocida - causes cellulitis, osteomyelitis

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14
Q

What bug is associated with epidemic typhus and transmitted by lice?

A

Rickettsia prowazekii

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15
Q

What bug is associated with Dermacentor (dog tick)?

A

Rickettsia ricketsii - RMSF

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16
Q

What bug is associated with endemic typhus and transmitted by fleas?

A

Rickettsia typhi

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17
Q

What bug is associated with GI disease + reptiles/poultry?

A

Salmonella spp. (esp. Salmonella typhi)

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18
Q

What bug is associated with fleas and pet prairie dogs?

A

Yersinia pestis (inflammed/painful LNs)

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19
Q

Four obligate aerobic bacteria

A

Nocardia, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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20
Q

Encapsulated bugs

A

“Even Some Pretty Nasty Killers Have Shiny Bodies” - E.coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Niesseria meningiditis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Salmonella typhi, Group B strep

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21
Q

Obligate intracellular bacteria

A

Rickettsia, Chlamydia, Coxiella

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22
Q

Chemotactic factors for leukocytes (not necessarily micro)

A

C5a, kallikrein, Leukotriene B4, IL-8

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23
Q

Common cause of pneumonia in immunocompromised patients

A

Pneumocystis jirovecii

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24
Q

Most common cause of atypical/walking pneumonia

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

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25
Q

Common causative agent for pneumonia in alcoholics

A

Klebsiella pneumoniae

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26
Q

Cause of interstitial pneumonia in bird handlers

A

Chlamydophila psittaci

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27
Q

Cause of pneumonia in a patient with a history of exposure to bats and bat dropping

A

Histoplasma

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28
Q

Cause of pneumonia in a patient who has recently visited South California, New Mexico, or West Texas

A

Coccidiodes

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29
Q

Pneumonia associated with currant jelly sputum

A

Klebsiella

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30
Q

Q fever

A

Coxiella burnetti

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31
Q

Pneumonia associated with air conditioners

A

Legionella pneumonia

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32
Q

Most common cause of pneumonia in children 1 year old or younger

A

RSV

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33
Q

Most common cause of pneumonia in children and young adults (college, military)

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

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34
Q

Most common cause of pneumonia in neonates (birth to 28 days)

A

Group B strep, E. coli

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35
Q

Most common cause of viral pneumonia

A

RSV

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36
Q

Causes wool-sorter’s disease (life-threatening pneumonia)

A

Bacillus anthracis

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37
Q

Common cause of pneumonia in ventilator patients and those with cystic fibrosis

A

Pseudomonas, MRSA

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38
Q

Pontiac fever

A

Legionella

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39
Q

Bugs causing infective endocarditis

A

Staph aureus, Viridans Strep, strep bovis, staph epidermidis, enterococcus, HACEK (hib, actinomycetes, cardiobacterium, eikinella, kingella), Bartonella, Brucella, Coxiella

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40
Q

Pneumonia in an alcoholic

A

Klebsiella

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41
Q

Pneumonia in a patient with decreased level of consciousness

A

Anaerobes

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42
Q

Pneumonia in a patient with cystic fibrosis

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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43
Q

Pneumonia in HIV pt

A

Pneumocystis jirovecii

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44
Q

Pneumonia post-influenza

A

Staph aureus

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45
Q

Pneumonia from patio-cooling water mister

A

Legionella

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46
Q

Pneumonia after traveling to southwest US

A

Coccidiodes

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47
Q

Pneumonia associated with exposure to bird/bat dropping in Ohio/Mississippi River valleys

A

Histoplasma

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48
Q

Pneumonia associated with pet parrot

A

Clamydophila psittaci

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49
Q

Meningitis in unvaccinated child

A

Hib

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50
Q

Meningitis in a dorm

A

Niesseria meningitidis

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51
Q

Meningitis with petechial rash

A

Niesseria meningitidis

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52
Q

Meningitis with pt who has HIV

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

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53
Q

RBCs in CSF + temporal lobe involvement

A

HSV encephalitis

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54
Q

CSF findings in bacterial meningitis

A

increased opening pressure, increased WBC, neutrophils, increased protein, decreased glucose

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55
Q

CSF findings in viral meningitis

A

normal or slightly increased opening pressure, increased WBC count, lymphocytes, increased protein, normal glucose

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56
Q

CSF findings in TB/fungal meningitis

A

increased opening pressure, increased WBC, lymphs, increased proteins, decreased glucose, NEGATIVE gram stain

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57
Q

Thin, gray-white discharge, fishy odor, increased pH, clue cells, + whiff test

A

Gardnerella vaginalis

tx = metronidazole, clindamycin

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58
Q

Frothy, yellow-green discharge, fishy odor, increased pH, motile, pear-shaped organism, strawberry cervix

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

Tx = metronidazole

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59
Q

Vomiting 1-6 hours after eating potato salad at a picnic

A

Staph aureus

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60
Q

Vomiting 1-6 hours after eating reheated rice

A

bacillus cereus

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61
Q

Vomiting and watery diarrhea on cruise

A

Norovirus

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62
Q

Watery diarrhea 12 hours after eating meat or poultry from cafeteria

A

C. perfringens

63
Q

Inflammatory diarrhea after eating undercooked hamburger meat, followed by acute kidney injury

A

E. coli (can cause HUS - kidney injury)

64
Q

Inflammatory diarrhea followed by ascending paralysis

A

Campylobacter

65
Q

Descending paralysis after ingestion of homemade canned goods

A

C. botulinum

66
Q

Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease pt

A

Salmonella

67
Q

Osteomyelitis in pt with prosthetic valve

A

Staph epidermidis

68
Q

Osteomyelitis in pt following cat bite

A

Pasturella

69
Q

Osteomyelitis with involvement of the vertebrae

A

TB

70
Q

Osteomyelitis following puncture wound to foot thru sneaker

A

Pseudomonas

71
Q

Congenital infection causing chorioretinitis + hydrocephalus + intracranial calcifications

A

Toxoplasma gondii

72
Q

Congenital infection leading to Hydrops fetalis

A

Parvovirus B19

73
Q

Congenital infection leading to PDA + cataracts + deafness

A

Rubella

74
Q

Congenital infection leading to saddle nose, snuffles, Hutchinson teeth, saber shins

A

Syphilis

75
Q

Live attenuated vaccines

A

Smallpox, yellow fever, rotavirus, chickenpox (VZV), Sabin polio (oral), MMR, Influenza intranasal
-no boosters needed, cellular and hemoral response

76
Q

Live attenuated vaccines that shouldn’t be given to HIV pts (even if CD4 count >200)

A

influenza, varicella

-still give MMR

77
Q

What vaccines are killed vaccines

A

Rabies, injected Influenza, Salk polio, HAV

-only cause hemoral response, need boosters

78
Q

Subunit Vaccines

A

HPV and HBV

79
Q

Vaccines made from eggs

A

MMR - not contraindicated in allergy
Yellow fever - desensitize first
Influenza - only contraindicated with anaphylactic rxn

80
Q

Dark purple lesions in an HIV patient

A

Kaposi sarcoma (HHV-8)

81
Q

Temporal lobe encephalitis

A

HSV-1

82
Q

Intranuclear esoinophilic inclusions

A

Type A Cowdry bodies - HSV (also VZV, CMV)

83
Q

Owl’s eyes inclusions in organ tissue

A

CMV

84
Q

Locations of dormant state for HHV infections

A 
HSV-1 = trigeminal ganglia 
HSV-2 = sacral ganglia
VZV = dorsal root or trigeminal ganglia (reactivation can cause blindness) 
EBV = B cells (increased risk of lymphoma)
CMV = Mononuclear cells
85
Q

What are downey cells?

A

reactive T cells trying to fight off EBV infection in mono

86
Q

What abs are present in EBV mono and how are they tested?

A

heterophile abs - Monospot test

-abs that cause agglutination of sheep or horse RBCs

87
Q
  • Monospot mononucleosis in immunocompromised pt
A

CMV

-can cause retinitis leading to blindness in HIV

88
Q

Most common TORCH infection

A

CMV - petechial rahs, jaundice, intracranial calcifications

89
Q

High fever in kid followed by rash

A

Roseola - HHV 6

90
Q

Lab test for HSV infection

A

Tzanck smear - see giant multinucleated cells

91
Q

Only DNA virus that isn’t ds

A

Parvovirus

92
Q

Virus type of Hep B

A

hepadnavirus - partially ds, circular

93
Q

Infections caused by Parvovirus B19

A

aplastic crisis in sickle cell pt, slapped cheek in kids, hydrops fetalis in fetus

94
Q

Hand, foot, and mouth dz

A

Coxsackievirus

95
Q

Common cold

A

Rhinovirus, Coronavirus

96
Q

Most common cause of fatal gastroenteritis

A

Rotavirus - reovirus family, ds linear RNA (weird)

97
Q

Can infect the anterior horn motor neurons

A

West nile virus, Poliovirus

98
Q

Aspetic meningitis in the summer

A

Echovirus

99
Q

Most common cause of viral myocarditis

A

Coxsackievirus

100
Q

Musculoskeletal pain, retro-orbit HA, hemorrhagic fever

A

Dengue

101
Q

High fever, black vomit, jaundice, increased liver enzymes

A

Yellow fever virus

102
Q

Fever, lymphadenopathy, arthralgias, fine confluent rash that starts on face and spreads to trunk and extremities

A

Rubella

103
Q

Congenital rubella infection sx

A

cataracts, heart defects (PDA, pulmonic stenosis), deafness

104
Q

Aseptic meningitis (think about viruses)

A

Enteroviruses (polio, coxsackievirus, echovirus) + Mumps

105
Q

Virus spread thru mouse urine

A

Hantavirus - can lead to hemorrhagic fever, pneumonia

106
Q

Seal-barking cough, steeple sign on X-ray in kid

A

Croup - parainfluenza virus

107
Q

Bronchiolitis, pneumonia in young kids, winter months, associated with F fusion protein, prevent with palivizumab in premies

A

RSV

108
Q

Cough, Coryza (running nose), Conjunctivitis + fever + red spots with blue-white center on buccal mucosa + rash that spreads head to toe

A

Measles (paramyxovirus)

109
Q

Consequences of Measles

A

encephalitis, giant cell pneumonia in immunosuppressed, Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis years later

110
Q

Parotitis, Orchitis, aseptic Meningitis, Pancreatitis

A

Mumps

111
Q

Bullet shaped virus, symptoms appear weeks to months after animal bit, fever/malaise –> agitation, photophobia, hydrophobia (FEAR OF WATER), –> coma –> death

A

Rabies

112
Q

How does rabies infect CNS?

A

retrograde transport from bite along nerve axons to CNS

113
Q

When do you start prophylaxis and with what for AIDS?

A

CD4

114
Q

What are the receptors for HIV and what viral protein binds to these?

A

gp120 binds to CD4 and uses CCR5 or CXCR4 as coreceptors

115
Q

Multiple ring enhancing lesions on MRI of AIDS pt

A

toxoplasma gondii

116
Q

What does CMV cause in AIDS pts?

A

retinitis - retina looks like cheese pizza

esophagitis - linear ulcers on endoscopy

117
Q

Most common cause of meningitis in AIDS pt and presents with soap bubble appearance in encephalitis

A

Cryptococcus neoformans - stain with India ink

118
Q

Irregular, broad nonseptate hyphae that branch at wide angles and cause disease in ketoacidotic diabetics and neutropenic (leukemia) pts

A

Mucor, Rhizopus

119
Q

Presents with headache, facial pain, black eschar on the face, Infect blood vessels, enter brain, cause frontal lobe abscess and cavernous sinus thrombosis, can lead to blindness and cranial nerve involvement

A

Mucormycosis - mucor and rhizopus

cause disease in ketoacidotic diabetics and neutropenic (leukemia) pts

120
Q

pseudohyphae and budding yeast, can form germ tubes in blood cultures (small projections from side of cell)

A

Candida albicans

121
Q

Diseases associated with candida albicans

A

thrush (immunocompromised and neonates), vaginitis, diaper rash (look for satellite lesions), endocarditis in IV drug users, systemic infection in IV drug users or central line pts

122
Q

Septate hyphae that branch at 45 degree acute angles

A

Aspergillis fumigatus

123
Q

Infections caused by aspergillis

A

invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised, aspergillomas in pre-existing TB lung cavities, aflatoxins to cause hepatocellular cancer

124
Q

Three species of dermatophytes

A

microsporum, trichophyton, epidermophyton

-see branching hyphae on KOH prep

125
Q

Appearance of malassezia on microscopy from tinea versicolor

A

spaghetti and meatballs

-degrade lipids that make acid and damage melanocytes –> hypopigmentation

126
Q

Ground glass opacities on CXR/CT

A

Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in an AIDS pt

127
Q

Dimorphic yeast associated with vegetation and roses, spores introduced thru injury into skin, causes ascending painless nodules along lymphatics

A

Sporothrix schenckii

128
Q

Mississippi and Ohio river valleys, found in bird and bat droppings, found within macrophages, dimorphic, can cause pneumonia

A

Histoplasmosis

129
Q

Found in Eastern US and Central America, causes pneumonia and can spread to bones and skin, forms granulomatous nodules, BROAD-BASE BUDDING

A

Blastomycosis

130
Q

Southwestern US, causes pneumonia and meningitis, can disseminate to skin and bone, spherule form in body fills with endospores that are eventually released, mold form has barrel-shaped anthroconidia

A

Coccidiomycosis

131
Q

Budding yeast from Latin America, captain’s wheel formation, can cause severe progressive disease including pneumonia and granulomatous skin changes

A

Paracoccidioidomycosis

132
Q

Biliary tract dz –> pigmented gallstones, cholangiocarcinoma

A

Clonorchis sinensis

133
Q

Brain cysts, seizures, undercooked pork

A

Tanea solium

134
Q

Hematuria, squamous cell bladder cancer

A

Schistosoma haematobium

135
Q

Myalgias, periorbital edema

A

Trichinella spiralis

136
Q

Perianal pruritis

A

Enterobius (pinworm)

137
Q

Portal hypertension with parasite

A

Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma japonicum

138
Q

Vitamin B12 def. with parasite

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

139
Q

Cause of elephantiasis

A

Wuchereria bancrofti

140
Q

Microcytic anemia from a parasite

A

Ancylostoma, Necator

141
Q

Nematodes transmitted orally

A

Enterobius, Ascaris, Trichinella (EAT)

142
Q

Nematodes transmitted thru skin penetration

A

SANd - Strongyloides, Ancylostoma, Necator

143
Q

Giant roundworm that could cause intestinal obstruction

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

144
Q

Foul-smelling vaginal discharge, motile protozoa with flagella, strawberry cervix

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

145
Q

What transmits leishmania donovani?

A

Sandfly
Visceral leishmaniasis - fever, hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia
Cutaneous - skin ulcers slow to heal

146
Q

Dilated cardiomyopathy, megacolon, megaesophagus, South America

A

Chagas disease - trypanosoma cruzi

-transmitted by kissing bud leaving feces on skin

147
Q

Congenital toxoplasmosis

A

Chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, intracranial calcifications

  • reactivation seen in AIDS pts
  • transmitted thru cat feces
148
Q

Enlarged lymph nodes, recurring fever, somnolence, coma, death

A

African sleeping sickness - Trypanosoma brucei

149
Q

Fatty, foul-smelling diarrhea, flatulence in campers/hikers

A

Giardiasis - giardia lamblia

150
Q

Pear shaped protozoa with four flagella, double nuclei (owl’s eyes)

A

Giardia

151
Q

Bloody diarrhea (dysentery), liver abscess, RUQ pain, histology of colon shows flask-shaped ulcer

A

Entamoeba histolytica

152
Q

Protozoa with multiple RBCs inside of it, or cysts that are multinucleated

A

Entamoeba histolytica

153
Q

Severe diarrhea in AIDS pt

A

Cryptosporidium, transmitted thru oocysts in water

154
Q

Oocysts from stool stain bright pink on acid-fast stain

A

Cryptosporidium

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