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UNI SECOND YEAR COURES > Vitamins and Minerals > Flashcards

Vitamins and Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary function of Vitamin A in the body?

A

Essential for vision, immune function, skin health, and cell growth

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2
Q

What happens if you consume too much Vitamin A?

A

Toxicity can cause nausea, dizziness, headaches, liver damage, and even death (especially from supplements).

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3
Q

What are the symptoms of Vitamin A deficiency?

A

Night blindness, dry skin, and impaired immune function.

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4
Q

What disease is associated with Vitamin A deficiency?

A

Xerophthalmia (a severe form of dry eye leading to blindness) and keratomalacia.

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5
Q

What is the main function of Vitamin D in the body?

A

Promotes calcium absorption, bone health, and supports immune function.

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6
Q

What can happen with a deficiency in Vitamin D?

A

Rickets (in children) and osteomalacia (in adults), leading to weak bones.

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7
Q

What are the symptoms of Vitamin D toxicity?

A

Hypercalcemia, kidney stones, nausea, and calcification of soft tissues.

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8
Q

What disease is related to Vitamin D deficiency?

A

Rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults.

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9
Q

What are the signs of Vitamin E deficiency?

A

Muscle weakness, vision problems, and impaired immune function.

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9
Q

What is the primary function of Vitamin E?

A

Acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells from oxidative damage.

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9
Q

What are the symptoms of Vitamin E toxicity?

A

Increased risk of bleeding and hemorrhage, especially when combined with blood thinners.

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9
Q

What disease is related to Vitamin C deficiency?

A

Scurvy, which causes bleeding gums, fatigue, and impaired wound healing.

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9
Q

What happens if you are deficient in Vitamin K?

A

Increased bleeding, easy bruising, and slow blood clotting.

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10
Q

What is the main function of Vitamin K?

A

Essential for blood clotting and bone health.

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10
Q

What happens if you take too much Vitamin C?

A

Diarrhea, nausea, and kidney stones, especially with high doses from supplements.

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10
Q

What disease can result from Vitamin E deficiency?

A

Hemolytic anemia (due to the breakdown of red blood cells).

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10
Q

What can happen if you consume too much Vitamin K?

A

Excess Vitamin K from supplements can interfere with anticoagulant medications (e.g., warfarin).

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10
Q

What disease is linked to Vitamin K deficiency?

A

Bleeding disorders (e.g., hemorrhagic disease of the newborn).

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11
Q

What is the main function of Vitamin C?

A

Acts as an antioxidant, promotes collagen formation, and aids in iron absorption.

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11
Q

What is the function of Vitamin B1?

A

Essential for carbohydrate metabolism and nerve function.

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11
Q

What can a deficiency of Vitamin C cause?

A

Scurvy, leading to fatigue, bleeding gums, and poor wound healing.

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12
Q

What are the symptoms of thiamine deficiency?

A

Beriberi, which includes symptoms like fatigue, nerve damage, and muscle weakness.

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13
Q

What happens if you have too much Vitamin B1?

A

No known toxicity from excess thiamine; it’s water-soluble and excess is excreted in urine.

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13
Q

What does Vitamin B2 do in the body?

A

Involved in energy production and helps maintain healthy skin, eyes, and nervous system.

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14
Q

What happens if you are deficient in Vitamin B2?

A

Can cause skin disorders, sore throat, and cracks in the corners of the mouth (cheilosis).

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15
Q

Is there toxicity associated with Vitamin B2?

A

No known toxicity from excess riboflavin; it’s water-soluble and excreted in urine.

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16
Q

What is the main role of Vitamin B3?

A

Essential for energy metabolism and DNA repair.

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17
Q

What can niacin deficiency cause?

A

Pellagra, characterized by diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and Death

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18
Q

What is the role of Vitamin B5?

A

Involved in energy metabolism and the synthesis of hormones and cholesterol.

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18
Q

What happens if you take too much niacin?

A

High doses can cause skin flushing, liver damage, and gastrointestinal issues.

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18
Q

What happens if you have a deficiency in Vitamin B5?

A

Symptoms include fatigue, irritability, digestive issues, and muscle cramps.

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19
Q

What happens if you consume too much Vitamin B5?

A

No known toxicity, as excess is excreted in urine

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19
Q

What is the function of Vitamin B6?

A

Important for protein metabolism, brain development, and immune function.

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20
Q

What are the symptoms of Vitamin B6 deficiency?

A

Anemia, depression, confusion, and irritability.

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21
Q

What can happen if you take too much Vitamin B6?

A

High doses can cause nerve damage (neuropathy) and skin lesions.

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22
Q

What is the primary function of Vitamin B7?

A

Involved in carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism.

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23
Q

What happens if you are deficient in biotin?

A

Symptoms include hair loss, skin rashes, and brittle nails.

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24
Q

Is there toxicity associated with Vitamin B7?

A

No known toxicity; excess biotin is excreted in urine.

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25
Q

What is the function of Vitamin B9 (folate)

A

Essential for DNA synthesis, cell division, and the formation of red blood cells.

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25
Q

What are the symptoms of folate deficiency?

A

Anemia, fatigue, and neural tube defects in developing fetuses.

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26
Q

What happens if you have too much folate?

A

High levels can mask a Vitamin B12 deficiency, leading to neurological damage.

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27
Q

What is the function of Vitamin B12?

A

Important for nerve function, red blood cell production, and DNA synthesis.

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28
Q

What happens if you’re deficient in Vitamin B12?

A

Pernicious anemia, fatigue, weakness, and neurological issues.

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29
Q

What happens if you consume too much Vitamin B12?

A

No known toxicity, as excess B12 is excreted in the urine.

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29
Q

What are the symptoms of calcium deficiency?

A

Osteoporosis, rickets (in children), and muscle cramps.

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29
Q

What is the role of phosphorus in the body?

A

Works with calcium to build bones and teeth, involved in energy metabolism (ATP), and helps in DNA and RNA formation.

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29
Q

What is the main function of calcium in the body?

A

Calcium is essential for bone and teeth formation, muscle contraction, nerve signaling, and blood clotting.

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29
Q

What happens if you have excessive calcium intake?

A

Kidney stones, constipation, and interference with the absorption of other minerals like magnesium and iron.

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30
Q

What are the consequences of phosphorus toxicity?

A

Imbalanced calcium levels, bone loss, and cardiovascular problems.

30
Q

What happens when you have too much magnesium?

A

Diarrhea, low blood pressure, and respiratory issues, especially from supplements.

31
Q

What can phosphorus deficiency cause?

A

Weakened bones, muscle weakness, and fatigue.

32
Q

What does magnesium help regulate in the body?

A

Muscle and nerve function, blood pressure, energy production, and DNA synthesis.

33
Q

What are symptoms of magnesium deficiency?

A

Muscle cramps, fatigue, irritability, irregular heartbeat, and weakened bones.

34
Q

What is sodium’s primary function in the body?

A

Regulates fluid balance, blood pressure, and nerve and muscle function.

35
Q

What are the effects of sodium deficiency?

A

Hyponatremia (low sodium levels), headaches, nausea, and confusion.

36
Q

What happens if you consume too much sodium?

A

High blood pressure (hypertension), fluid retention, and an increased risk of heart disease and stroke.

36
Q

What is the role of potassium in the body?

A

Supports heart function, muscle contractions, and nerve transmission.

36
Q

What are symptoms of potassium deficiency?

A

Muscle weakness, fatigue, cramps, arrhythmias, and in severe cases, paralysis.

36
Q

What happens if potassium levels are too high?

A

Hyperkalemia, causing irregular heart rhythms, cardiac arrest, or death.

37
Q

What is the function of chloride in the body?

A

Works with sodium to regulate fluid balance, helps with digestion as part of hydrochloric acid in the stomach, and maintains pH.

37
Q

What happens if chloride levels are too low?

A

Fluid imbalances and digestion problems.

38
Q

What is the primary role of iron in the body?

A

Essential for the formation of hemoglobin and myoglobin, which carry oxygen in the blood and muscles

39
Q

What happens if you are deficient in iron?

A

Iron deficiency anemia, leading to fatigue, weakness, pale skin, and poor immune function.

40
Q

What happens if you have too much chloride?

A

High chloride levels often cause high blood pressure and dehydration, usually linked with high sodium levels.

40
Q

What are the consequences of iron toxicity?

A

Organ damage, particularly in the liver, and gastrointestinal issues.

41
Q

What are the effects of zinc deficiency?

A

Growth retardation, hair loss, diarrhea, delayed wound healing, and impaired immune function.

41
Q

What functions does zinc serve in the body?

A

Supports immune function, protein synthesis, wound healing, and DNA synthesis

41
Q

What happens if you take too much zinc?

A

Impairs copper absorption, causes gastrointestinal distress, and reduces immune function.

42
Q

What role does copper play in the body?

A

Necessary for iron metabolism, collagen formation, and immune system function.

43
Q

What can iodine toxicity cause?

A

Thyroid dysfunction, including hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism.

43
Q

What are symptoms of copper deficiency?

A

Anemia, bone abnormalities, and neurological issues.

43
Q

What can happen with Copper toxicity?

A

Copper toxicity: Symptoms include liver damage, nausea, vomiting, and neurological symptoms, including tremors and personality changes.

43
Q

What happens when you have too much copper?

A

Liver damage, gastrointestinal distress, and neurological problems.

43
Q

What are the symptoms of iodine deficiency?

A

Goiter, hypothyroidism, and developmental issues in infants (cretinism).

44
Q

What happens if you are deficient in Copper?

A

Copper deficiency can lead to:

Menke’s Disease: A genetic disorder that causes copper deficiency, leading to developmental delay, neurological problems, and early death.

Wilson’s Disease: A genetic disorder causing copper buildup in tissues, leading to liver damage, neurological issues, and psychiatric symptoms

45
Q

What are the effects of selenium toxicity?

A

Selenosis, leading to nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and fatigue.

45
Q

What happens if you are deficient in manganese?

A

Rare, but may cause bone malformation, poor growth, and fertility issues.

45
Q

What is the role of fluoride in the body?

A

Helps in the formation of bones and teeth and prevents dental cavities.

45
Q

What happens if you have a deficiency of fluoride?

A

Increased risk of dental cavities and potentially weaker bones.

45
Q

What is the role of manganese in the body?

A

Involved in bone formation, blood clotting, and enzyme activation for metabolism.

45
Q

What function does selenium serve in the body?

A

Acts as an antioxidant, supports immune function, and is involved in thyroid hormone metabolism.

45
Q

What happens if you are deficient in selenium?

A

Keshan disease (heart condition) and Kashin-Beck disease (form of osteoarthritis).

45
Q

What happens if you consume too much manganese?

A

Neurological issues similar to Parkinson’s disease (manganism).

46
Q

What happens if you get too much fluoride?

A

Dental fluorosis (staining of teeth) and skeletal fluorosis (bone damage).

46
Q

What is chromium’s function in the body?

A

Enhances insulin action and helps in carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism.

46
Q

What can chromium deficiency cause?

A

Impaired glucose tolerance, which can mimic type 2 diabetes.

47
Q

What are the risks of chromium toxicity?

A

Kidney or liver damage, especially with high doses of supplements.

48
Q

Where is Vitamin A stored in the body?

A

Stored primarily in the liver.

49
Q

Where is Vitamin D stored in the body?

A

Stored in the liver and adipose (fat) tissue.

50
Q

Where is Vitamin E stored in the body?

A

Stored in the liver and adipose tissue.

51
Q

Where is Vitamin K stored in the body?

A

Stored in the liver.

52
Q

Where is Vitamin C stored in the body?

A

Stored in the adrenal glands, pituitary gland, and white blood cells.

53
Q

Where is Vitamin B2 stored in the body?

A

Stored in the liver in small amounts.

53
Q

Where is Vitamin B1 stored in the body?

A

Stored in the liver and muscles in small amounts.

54
Q

Where is Vitamin B3 stored in the body?

A

Liver

55
Q

Where is Vitamin B5 stored in the body?

A

Stored in the adrenal glands and liver.

56
Q

Where is Vitamin B6 stored in the body?

A

Liver

57
Q

Where is Vitamin B7 stored in the body?

A

Stored in the liver and muscles.

58
Q

Where is Vitamin B9 stored in the body?

A

Liver

59
Q

Where is Vitamin B12 stored in the body?

A

Stored in the liver in significant amounts.

60
Q

Where is Calcium stored in the body?

A

Stored primarily in bones and teeth.

61
Q

Where is Phosphorus stored in the body?

A

Stored in bones and teeth.

62
Q

Where is Sodium stored in the body?

A

Primarily in extracellular fluid, mainly in blood plasma.

62
Q

Where is Potassium stored in the body?

A

Stored inside cells, particularly in muscle and bone tissues.

63
Q

Where is Magnesium stored in the body?

A

Stored in bones, muscles, and soft tissues.

64
Q

Where is Copper stored in the body?

A

Stored in the liver, muscles, and brain.

64
Q

Where is Iron stored in the body?

A

Stored in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow.

65
Q

Where is Zinc stored in the body?

A

Primarily in muscles, bones, and the liver.

66
Q

Where is Manganese stored in the body?

A

Stored in the liver, bones, and kidneys.

67
Q

Where is Iodine stored in the body?

A

Stored primarily in the thyroid gland.

68
Q

Where is Selenium stored in the body?

A

Stored in the liver, kidneys, and thyroid gland.

69
Q

Where is Chromium stored in the body?

A

Stored in the liver, kidneys, and spleen.

70
Q

Where is Fluoride stored in the body

A

Stored primarily in bones and teeth.

71
Q

What is the name of Vitamin B1?

A

Thiamine

72
Q

What is the name of Vitamin B2?

A

Riboflavin

73
Q

What is the name of Vitamin B3?

A

Niacin

74
Q

What is the name of Vitamin B5?

A

Pantothenic Acid

75
Q

What is the name of Vitamin B6?

A

Pyridoxine

76
Q

What is the name of Vitamin B7?

A

Biotin

77
Q

What is the name of Vitamin B9?

A

Folate (or Folic Acid in its synthetic form)

78
Q

What is the name of Vitamin B12?

A

Cobalamin

UNI SECOND YEAR COURES (3 decks)

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