HLTH 237 TEST 1

Question 1

What is the focus of the biological theories of drug use and dependence?

Answer 1

Biological theories emphasize the role of genetics, neurobiology, and disease models in explaining substance use and dependence.

Includes concepts like brain dysfunction, biochemical theories, and genetic predispositions.

Question 2

Define drug dependency.

Answer 2

A chronic condition characterized by a compulsive need to use a substance despite harmful consequences.

Dependency often involves physical or psychological reliance on the substance.

Question 3

What is the moral model of drug use?

Answer 3

The belief that drug use is unacceptable and a result of personal choice, leading to blame and shame for those who use drugs.

This model emphasizes personal responsibility and character flaws.

Question 4

What are the main criticisms of the disease/medical model of drug dependence?

Answer 4

• Little empirical support
• Cannot fully explain substance dependence
• Substance use is not a simple dichotomy
• Socially constructed concepts of use and dependence
• 12-step programs do not address complexities
• Fails to eliminate shame and stigma

Critics argue that the model oversimplifies a complex issue.

Question 5

Fill in the blank: The __________ model counters the moral model by viewing substance dependency as a chronic disease.

Answer 5

[Disease/Medical]

Question 6

What is the role of dopamine in neurobiological theories of drug dependence?

Answer 6

Dopamine is a critical neurotransmitter involved in directing and rewarding goal-related behavior.

It plays a significant role in the brain’s reward system and is altered by psychoactive substances.

Question 7

True or False: Genetic theories suggest addiction is completely determined by inherited factors.

Answer 7

False

Genetics influence but do not solely determine substance use and dependence.

Question 8

What is operant conditioning in the context of psychological theories of drug use?

Answer 8

A learning process where positive and negative reinforcements influence behavior related to substance use.

Positive reinforcement increases the likelihood of behavior, while negative reinforcement decreases it.

Question 9

List some personality traits linked to substance dependence.

Answer 9

• Extraversion
• Impulsivity
• Narcissism
• Low frustration tolerance
• Reward seeking
• Negative affect
• Low self-esteem

These traits may predispose individuals to develop dependence.

Question 10

What is the significance of the biopsychosocial model in understanding drug use?

Answer 10

It integrates biological, psychological, and social factors to provide a comprehensive understanding of drug use and dependence.

This approach recognizes the complexity of addiction and the interplay of various influences.

Question 11

What does the allergy theory propose regarding substance use?

Answer 11

Exposure to a substance causes allergic reactions, leading to a loss of control over consumption.

This theory was influential in early Alcoholics Anonymous discussions.

Question 12

What are the components of the learning theory in relation to drug use?

Answer 12

• Operant conditioning
• Habituation
• Extinction
• Withdrawal

These components explain how behavior related to drug use can be learned and modified.

Question 13

Fill in the blank: The __________ theory suggests that addiction can be influenced by inherited genetic factors.

Answer 13

[Genetic]

Question 14

What are the key elements of the neurobiological theory of drug dependence?

Answer 14

• Changes in brain function
• Altered brain structures
• Mechanisms of reward and motivation
• Synaptic plasticity

These elements help explain how repeated substance use can lead to dependence.

Question 15

What is the purpose of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)?

Answer 15

To provide support and a framework for recovery from alcohol dependence.

AA is based on the disease model of alcoholism and emphasizes the need for medical treatment.

Question 16

True or False: Psychological theories of drug use include humanistic theory.

Answer 16

True

Humanistic theory focuses on personal growth and self-actualization as factors in substance dependence.

Question 17

What are the main theories discussed in Chapter 6 regarding psychological aspects of drug use?

Answer 17

• Learning Theory
• Personality Theory
• Psychodynamic Theory
• Humanistic Theory
• Attachment Theory
• Rational Theory

Each theory offers different perspectives on the motivations behind substance use.

Question 18

Fill in the blank: The __________ model emphasizes that addiction is a consequence of personal choice.

Answer 18

[Moral]

Question 19

What personality traits are linked to dependence?

Answer 19

Extraversion, impulsivity, narcissism

Dependence is characterized as a collection of ‘abnormal’ personality traits.

Question 20

List three characteristics of individuals with dependence.

Answer 20

• Highly emotional with low frustration tolerance
• Negative affect and low self-esteem
• Immature in personal relationships

Question 21

What is a key conclusion about the relationship between personality issues and dependence?

Answer 21

No consistent patterns found; unclear if personality issues or dependence come first

Personality accounts for only a small proportion of alcohol dependency.

Question 22

What are the primary levels of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?

Answer 22

• Physiological
• Safety
• Belongingness
• Self-esteem
• Cognitive needs
• Aesthetic needs
• Self-actualization
• Transcendence

Question 23

What causes drug dependency according to Humanistic Theory?

Answer 23

Boredom, frustration, or inability to reach potential due to blockage in hierarchy of needs

Compulsive use of drugs is seen as a response to unmet needs.

Question 24

What are the three types of attachment identified in Attachment Theory?

Answer 24

• Secure attachment
• Ambivalent-insecure attachment
• Avoidant-insecure attachment
• Disorganized-insecure attachment

Question 25

True or False: Secure attachment leads to healthy emotional regulation.

Answer 25

True

Positive responses to situations are associated with secure attachment.

Question 26

What are common cultural patterns of drug use?

Answer 26

• Healing and medical care
• Customary regular use
• Intermittent special occasion use
• Excessive use

Question 27

What are the four cultural patterns regarding drug use?

Answer 27

• Abstinent
• Ambivalent
• Permissive
• Ultra-Permissive

Question 28

According to Subcultural Theories, what factors influence substance use?

Answer 28

• Social environment
• Different subcultures (e.g., university students, youth subcultures)
• Feelings of alienation

Question 29

What is the central focus of Marxist Theories?

Answer 29

Relationship between human labour and capital

Examines how economic and sociological structures lead to dependence.

Question 30

Fill in the blank: Higher ______ discourages use according to Availability-Control Theory.

Answer 30

price

Question 31

What is Environmental Stress associated with?

Answer 31

Stressful environments and individual stress are associated with dependence

Examples include soldiers returning from Vietnam and socioeconomic status.

Question 32

What is a key conclusion regarding substance use and dependence?

Answer 32

There is no single explanation for substance use or dependence

Emphasis should be on a holistic biopsychosocial model.