HLTH 237 TEST 1 Flashcards
What is the focus of the biological theories of drug use and dependence?
Biological theories emphasize the role of genetics, neurobiology, and disease models in explaining substance use and dependence.
Includes concepts like brain dysfunction, biochemical theories, and genetic predispositions.
Define drug dependency.
A chronic condition characterized by a compulsive need to use a substance despite harmful consequences.
Dependency often involves physical or psychological reliance on the substance.
What is the moral model of drug use?
The belief that drug use is unacceptable and a result of personal choice, leading to blame and shame for those who use drugs.
This model emphasizes personal responsibility and character flaws.
What are the main criticisms of the disease/medical model of drug dependence?
- Little empirical support
- Cannot fully explain substance dependence
- Substance use is not a simple dichotomy
- Socially constructed concepts of use and dependence
- 12-step programs do not address complexities
- Fails to eliminate shame and stigma
Critics argue that the model oversimplifies a complex issue.
Fill in the blank: The __________ model counters the moral model by viewing substance dependency as a chronic disease.
[Disease/Medical]
What is the role of dopamine in neurobiological theories of drug dependence?
Dopamine is a critical neurotransmitter involved in directing and rewarding goal-related behavior.
It plays a significant role in the brain’s reward system and is altered by psychoactive substances.
True or False: Genetic theories suggest addiction is completely determined by inherited factors.
False
Genetics influence but do not solely determine substance use and dependence.
What is operant conditioning in the context of psychological theories of drug use?
A learning process where positive and negative reinforcements influence behavior related to substance use.
Positive reinforcement increases the likelihood of behavior, while negative reinforcement decreases it.
List some personality traits linked to substance dependence.
- Extraversion
- Impulsivity
- Narcissism
- Low frustration tolerance
- Reward seeking
- Negative affect
- Low self-esteem
These traits may predispose individuals to develop dependence.
What is the significance of the biopsychosocial model in understanding drug use?
It integrates biological, psychological, and social factors to provide a comprehensive understanding of drug use and dependence.
This approach recognizes the complexity of addiction and the interplay of various influences.
What does the allergy theory propose regarding substance use?
Exposure to a substance causes allergic reactions, leading to a loss of control over consumption.
This theory was influential in early Alcoholics Anonymous discussions.
What are the components of the learning theory in relation to drug use?
- Operant conditioning
- Habituation
- Extinction
- Withdrawal
These components explain how behavior related to drug use can be learned and modified.
Fill in the blank: The __________ theory suggests that addiction can be influenced by inherited genetic factors.
[Genetic]
What are the key elements of the neurobiological theory of drug dependence?
- Changes in brain function
- Altered brain structures
- Mechanisms of reward and motivation
- Synaptic plasticity
These elements help explain how repeated substance use can lead to dependence.
What is the purpose of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)?
To provide support and a framework for recovery from alcohol dependence.
AA is based on the disease model of alcoholism and emphasizes the need for medical treatment.
True or False: Psychological theories of drug use include humanistic theory.
True
Humanistic theory focuses on personal growth and self-actualization as factors in substance dependence.
What are the main theories discussed in Chapter 6 regarding psychological aspects of drug use?
- Learning Theory
- Personality Theory
- Psychodynamic Theory
- Humanistic Theory
- Attachment Theory
- Rational Theory
Each theory offers different perspectives on the motivations behind substance use.
Fill in the blank: The __________ model emphasizes that addiction is a consequence of personal choice.
[Moral]
What personality traits are linked to dependence?
Extraversion, impulsivity, narcissism
Dependence is characterized as a collection of ‘abnormal’ personality traits.
List three characteristics of individuals with dependence.
- Highly emotional with low frustration tolerance
- Negative affect and low self-esteem
- Immature in personal relationships
What is a key conclusion about the relationship between personality issues and dependence?
No consistent patterns found; unclear if personality issues or dependence come first
Personality accounts for only a small proportion of alcohol dependency.
What are the primary levels of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?
- Physiological
- Safety
- Belongingness
- Self-esteem
- Cognitive needs
- Aesthetic needs
- Self-actualization
- Transcendence
What causes drug dependency according to Humanistic Theory?
Boredom, frustration, or inability to reach potential due to blockage in hierarchy of needs
Compulsive use of drugs is seen as a response to unmet needs.
What are the three types of attachment identified in Attachment Theory?
- Secure attachment
- Ambivalent-insecure attachment
- Avoidant-insecure attachment
- Disorganized-insecure attachment
True or False: Secure attachment leads to healthy emotional regulation.
True
Positive responses to situations are associated with secure attachment.
What are common cultural patterns of drug use?
- Healing and medical care
- Customary regular use
- Intermittent special occasion use
- Excessive use
What are the four cultural patterns regarding drug use?
- Abstinent
- Ambivalent
- Permissive
- Ultra-Permissive
According to Subcultural Theories, what factors influence substance use?
- Social environment
- Different subcultures (e.g., university students, youth subcultures)
- Feelings of alienation
What is the central focus of Marxist Theories?
Relationship between human labour and capital
Examines how economic and sociological structures lead to dependence.
Fill in the blank: Higher ______ discourages use according to Availability-Control Theory.
price
What is Environmental Stress associated with?
Stressful environments and individual stress are associated with dependence
Examples include soldiers returning from Vietnam and socioeconomic status.
What is a key conclusion regarding substance use and dependence?
There is no single explanation for substance use or dependence
Emphasis should be on a holistic biopsychosocial model.
