BIOL 103 Module 3 Flashcards
What is homeostasis?
The maintenance of stable internal conditions within narrow limits.
What is allostasis?
The body’s anticipatory adjustments to expected changes or stressors.
What is the role of the hypothalamus in thermoregulation?
It acts as a sensor and control center, triggering responses like sweating or shivering.
How do endotherms regulate temperature?
Through metabolic heat production and physiological responses (e.g., vasoconstriction, shivering).
What is a unique thermoregulatory adaptation in swordfish?
They heat their brain and eyes to improve vision in cold, deep water.
What is osmoregulation?
The control of water and salt balance in the body.
Which animal can produce urine up to 16x more concentrated than its blood?
Kangaroo rat.
What hormone increases water reabsorption in the kidney?
ADH (antidiuretic hormone).
What part of the nephron is key for concentrating urine?
The Loop of Henle.
What hormone raises blood glucose?
Glucagon
What hormone lowers blood glucose?
Insulin
How does the Arctic Ground Squirrel survive hibernation without food?
It lowers its metabolism, reduces body temperature, and uses stored fat for energy.
What are two key adaptations in bar-headed geese for oxygen transport?
High-affinity hemoglobin and increased blood flow to flight muscles.
What metabolic fuel does the squirrel shift to during hibernation?
Fat (instead of glucose)
What bird can fly over the Himalayas due to special oxygen adaptations?
Bar-headed goose.
What is the function of hemoglobin?
To bind and transport oxygen in the blood.
What is the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?
Innate = fast, non-specific; Adaptive = slower, specific, and has memory.
Which cells produce antibodies?
B cells (adaptive immunity).
What does a vaccine do?
It stimulates adaptive immunity by generating memory cells without causing disease.
What is antigenic drift?
Small mutations in viruses over time (e.g., flu changes each year).
What happened in the 1918 flu pandemic to make young adults vulnerable?
They had an overactive immune response due to immune imprinting from earlier infections.
What is oviparity?
Fertilization is internal, but eggs develop outside the body.
What is ovoviviparity?
Eggs develop and hatch inside the mother; offspring are born live.
What is viviparity?
Embryos develop inside the body with a placenta; offspring are born live.
