Vitamins

Question 1

what are the chief functions of Vitamin A and Beta-carotene?

Answer 1

vision; maintenance of cornea, epithelial cells, mucous membranes, skin; growth; regulation of gene expression; reproduction; immunity

Question 2

what are the deficiencies of Vitamin A and Beta-carotene?

Answer 2

night blindness, corneal drying (xerosis), and blindness (xerophthalmia); impaired growth; keratin lumps on the skin; impaired immunity

Question 3

what is the effect of A and Beta-carotene toxicity?

Answer 3

Vitamin A
acute- nausea, vomiting, headache
chronic- birth defects, liver abnormalities, brain and nerve disorders

Beta Carotene- harmless yellowing of skin

Question 4

what is the chief function of Vitamin D?

Answer 4

mineralization of bones and teeth (raises blood calcium and phosphorus by increasing absorption from the digestive tract, withdrawing calcium from the bones, stimulating retention by the kidneys)

Question 5

what are the deficiencies of Vitamin D?

Answer 5

abnormal bone growth resulting in rickets in children osteomalacia in adults; malformed teeth; muscle spasms

Question 6

what is the effect of Vitamin D toxicity?

Answer 6

elevated blood calcium; calcification of soft tissues like the blood vessels, kidneys, heart, lungs, tissue of joints), excessive thirst, headache, nausea and weakness

Question 7

what are the chief functions of Vitamin E?

Answer 7

Antioxidant (protects cell membranes, regulates oxidation reactions, protects polyunsaturated fatty acids)

Question 8

what are the deficiencies of Vitamin E?

Answer 8

Red blood cell breakage, nerve damage

Question 9

what is the effect of Vitamin E toxicity?

Answer 9

Augments the effects of anticlotting medication

Question 10

what are the chief functions of Vitamin K?

Answer 10

Synthesis of blood-clotting proteins and bone proteins

Question 11

what are the deficiencies of Vitamin K?

Answer 11

Hemorrhage; abnormal bone formation

Question 12

what is the effect of Vitamin K toxicity?

Answer 12

Opposes the effects of anticlotting medication

Question 13

what are sources for Vitamin A?

Answer 13

fortified milk, carrots, sweet potato, spinach, beef liver, boy choy, apricots

Question 14

what are the sources for Vitamin D?

Answer 14

enriched cereal, sardines, salmon, sunlight, cod liver oil, fortified milk, tuna

Question 15

what are the sources for Vitamin E?

Answer 15

safflower oil, wheat germ, mayo, canola oil, sunflower seeds

Question 16

what are the sources for Vitamin K?

Answer 16

cabbage, spinach, soybeans, kale, asparagus, salad greens

Question 17

what are the water soluble vitamins?

Answer 17

vitamin C and B vitamins

B vitamins
B1 - thiamin
B2 - riboflavin
B3 - niacin
folate
B12 - cyanocobalamin
B6 - pyridoxine
Pantothenic Acid
Biotin

Question 18

what are the chief functions for Vitamin C?

Answer 18

Collagen synthesis (strengthens blood vessel walls, forms scar tissue, provides matrix for bone growth), antioxidant, restores vitamin E to active form, supports immune system, boosts iron absorption

Question 19

what are deficiencies for Vitamin C?

Answer 19

Scurvy, with pinpoint hemorrhages, fatigue, bleeding gums, bruises; bone fragility, joint pain; poor wound healing, frequent infections

Question 20

what is the effect of Vitamin C toxicity?

Answer 20

Nausea, abdominal cramps, diarrhea; rashes; interference with medical tests and drug therapies; in susceptible people, aggravation of gout or kidney stones

Question 21

what are the sources of Vitamin C?

Answer 21

red/green peppers, brussel sprouts, grapefruit, sweet potato, orange juice, broccoli, strawberries, bok choy

Question 22

what are the chief functions of Thiamin, B1?

Answer 22

Part of coenzyme active in energy metabolism

Question 23

what are the deficiencies of Thiamin, B1?

Answer 23

Beriberi with possible edema or muscle wasting; enlarged heart, heart failure, muscular weakness, pain, apathy, poor short-term memory, confusion, irritability, difficulty walking, paralysis, jerky eye movements, anorexia, weight loss

Question 24

what is the effect of Thiamin, B1 toxicity?

Answer 24

non reported

Question 25

what are the sources for Thiamin, B1?

Answer 25

enriched pasta, pork chop, green peas, waffle, enriched wheat bagel, enriched cereal, sunflower seeds, baked potato, black beans

Question 26

what are the chief functions of riboflavin, B2?

Answer 26

Part of coenzyme active in energy metabolism

Question 27

what is the effect of riboflavin, B2 deficiency?

Answer 27

Cracks and redness at corners of mouth; painful, smooth, purplish red tongue; sore throat; inflamed eyes and eyelids, sensitivity to light; skin rashes

Question 28

what is the effect of riboflavin, B2 toxicity?

Answer 28

none reported

Question 29

what are the sources of riboflavin, B2?

Answer 29

beef liver, cottage cheese, enriched cereal, spinach, milk, yogurt, pork chop, mushrooms

Question 30

what are the chief functions of Niacin, B3?

Answer 30

Part of coenzymes needed in energy metabolism

Question 31

what is the effect of Niacin, B3 deficiency?

Answer 31

Pellagra, characterized by flaky skin rash (dermatitis) where exposed to sunlight; mental depression, apathy, fatigue, loss of memory, headache; diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting; swollen, smooth, bright red or black tongue

Question 32

what is the effect of Niacin, B3 toxicity?

Answer 32

Painful flush, hives, and rash (“niacin flush”); excessive sweating; blurred vision; liver damage, impaired glucose tolerance

Question 33

what are the sources of Niacin, B3?

Answer 33

chicken breast, pork chop, baked potato, tuna, enriched cereal, mushrooms

Question 34

what are the chief functions of folate?

Answer 34

Part of a coenzyme needed for new cell synthesis

Question 35

what is the effect of folate deficiency?

Answer 35

Anemia, smooth, red tongue; depression, mental confusion, weakness, fatigue, irritability, headache; a low intake increases the risk of neural tube birth defects

Question 36

what is the effect of folate toxicity?

Answer 36

Masks vitamin –deficiency symptoms

Question 37

what are the sources of folate?

Answer 37

beef liver, pinto beans, asparagus, avocado, lentils, spinach, enriched cereal, beets

Question 38

what are the chief functions of cyanocobalamin, B12?

Answer 38

Part of coenzymes needed in new cell synthesis; helps to maintain nerve cells

Question 39

what is the effect of cyanocobalamin, B12 deficiency?

Answer 39

Pernicious anemia;Footnote anemia (large-cell type);Footnote smooth tongue; tingling or numbness; fatigue, memory loss, disorientation, degeneration of nerves progressing to paralysis

Question 40

what is the effect of cyanocobalamin, B12 toxicity?

Answer 40

None reported

Question 41

what are the sources of cyanocobalamin, B12?

Answer 41

chicken liver, sirloin steak, cottage cheese, pork roast, sardines, tuna, swiss cheese, enriched cereal

Question 42

what are the chief functions of pyridoxine, B6?

Answer 42

Part of a coenzyme needed in amino acid and fatty acid metabolism; helps to convert tryptophan to niacin and to serotonin; helps to make hemoglobin for red blood cells

Question 43

what is the effect of pyridoxine, B6 deficiency?

Answer 43

Anemia, depression, confusion, abnormal brain wave pattern, convulsions; greasy, scaly dermatitis

Question 44

what is the effect of pyridoxine, B6 toxicity?

Answer 44

Depression, fatigue, impaired memory, irritability, headaches, nerve damage causing numbness and muscle weakness progressing to an inability to walk and convulsions; skin lesions

Question 45

what are sources for pyridoxine B6?

Answer 45

beef liver, banana, sweet potato, baked potato, chicken breast, spinach

Question 46

what are the chief functions of Pantothenic Acid?

Answer 46

part of a coenzyme needed in energy metabolism, lipid synthesis, NTs, steroid hormone, hemoglobin

Question 47

what is the effect of Pantothenic Acid deficiency?

Answer 47

vomiting, intestinal distress, insomnia, fatigue, hypoglycemia, increased sensitivity to insulin

Question 48

what is the effect of Pantothenic Acid toxicity?

Answer 48

water retention

Question 49

what are sources for Pantothenic Acid?

Answer 49

diet

Question 50

what are the chief functions of Biotin?

Answer 50

a cofactor for several enzymes needed in energy metabolism, fat synthesis, amino acid metabolism, glycogen synthesis

Question 51

what is the effect of Biotin deficiency?

Answer 51

abnormal heart action, loss of appetite, nausea, depression, muscle pain, weakness, fatigue, numbness of extremities, dry around eyes, nose and mouth

Question 52

what is the effect of Biotin toxicity?

Answer 52

none known

Question 53

what are sources for Biotin B6?

Answer 53

eggs