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MABS Nutrition > Vitamins > Flashcards

Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

what are the chief functions of Vitamin A and Beta-carotene?

A

vision; maintenance of cornea, epithelial cells, mucous membranes, skin; growth; regulation of gene expression; reproduction; immunity

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2
Q

what are the deficiencies of Vitamin A and Beta-carotene?

A

night blindness, corneal drying (xerosis), and blindness (xerophthalmia); impaired growth; keratin lumps on the skin; impaired immunity

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3
Q

what is the effect of A and Beta-carotene toxicity?

A

Vitamin A
acute- nausea, vomiting, headache
chronic- birth defects, liver abnormalities, brain and nerve disorders

Beta Carotene- harmless yellowing of skin

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4
Q

what is the chief function of Vitamin D?

A

mineralization of bones and teeth (raises blood calcium and phosphorus by increasing absorption from the digestive tract, withdrawing calcium from the bones, stimulating retention by the kidneys)

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5
Q

what are the deficiencies of Vitamin D?

A

abnormal bone growth resulting in rickets in children osteomalacia in adults; malformed teeth; muscle spasms

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6
Q

what is the effect of Vitamin D toxicity?

A

elevated blood calcium; calcification of soft tissues like the blood vessels, kidneys, heart, lungs, tissue of joints), excessive thirst, headache, nausea and weakness

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7
Q

what are the chief functions of Vitamin E?

A

Antioxidant (protects cell membranes, regulates oxidation reactions, protects polyunsaturated fatty acids)

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8
Q

what are the deficiencies of Vitamin E?

A

Red blood cell breakage, nerve damage

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9
Q

what is the effect of Vitamin E toxicity?

A

Augments the effects of anticlotting medication

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10
Q

what are the chief functions of Vitamin K?

A

Synthesis of blood-clotting proteins and bone proteins

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11
Q

what are the deficiencies of Vitamin K?

A

Hemorrhage; abnormal bone formation

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12
Q

what is the effect of Vitamin K toxicity?

A

Opposes the effects of anticlotting medication

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13
Q

what are sources for Vitamin A?

A

fortified milk, carrots, sweet potato, spinach, beef liver, boy choy, apricots

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14
Q

what are the sources for Vitamin D?

A

enriched cereal, sardines, salmon, sunlight, cod liver oil, fortified milk, tuna

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15
Q

what are the sources for Vitamin E?

A

safflower oil, wheat germ, mayo, canola oil, sunflower seeds

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16
Q

what are the sources for Vitamin K?

A

cabbage, spinach, soybeans, kale, asparagus, salad greens

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17
Q

what are the water soluble vitamins?

A

vitamin C and B vitamins

B vitamins
B1 - thiamin
B2 - riboflavin
B3 - niacin
folate
B12 - cyanocobalamin
B6 - pyridoxine
Pantothenic Acid
Biotin
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18
Q

what are the chief functions for Vitamin C?

A

Collagen synthesis (strengthens blood vessel walls, forms scar tissue, provides matrix for bone growth), antioxidant, restores vitamin E to active form, supports immune system, boosts iron absorption

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19
Q

what are deficiencies for Vitamin C?

A

Scurvy, with pinpoint hemorrhages, fatigue, bleeding gums, bruises; bone fragility, joint pain; poor wound healing, frequent infections

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20
Q

what is the effect of Vitamin C toxicity?

A

Nausea, abdominal cramps, diarrhea; rashes; interference with medical tests and drug therapies; in susceptible people, aggravation of gout or kidney stones

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21
Q

what are the sources of Vitamin C?

A

red/green peppers, brussel sprouts, grapefruit, sweet potato, orange juice, broccoli, strawberries, bok choy

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22
Q

what are the chief functions of Thiamin, B1?

A

Part of coenzyme active in energy metabolism

23
Q

what are the deficiencies of Thiamin, B1?

A

Beriberi with possible edema or muscle wasting; enlarged heart, heart failure, muscular weakness, pain, apathy, poor short-term memory, confusion, irritability, difficulty walking, paralysis, jerky eye movements, anorexia, weight loss

24
Q

what is the effect of Thiamin, B1 toxicity?

A

non reported

25
Q

what are the sources for Thiamin, B1?

A

enriched pasta, pork chop, green peas, waffle, enriched wheat bagel, enriched cereal, sunflower seeds, baked potato, black beans

26
Q

what are the chief functions of riboflavin, B2?

A

Part of coenzyme active in energy metabolism

27
Q

what is the effect of riboflavin, B2 deficiency?

A

Cracks and redness at corners of mouth; painful, smooth, purplish red tongue; sore throat; inflamed eyes and eyelids, sensitivity to light; skin rashes

28
Q

what is the effect of riboflavin, B2 toxicity?

A

none reported

29
Q

what are the sources of riboflavin, B2?

A

beef liver, cottage cheese, enriched cereal, spinach, milk, yogurt, pork chop, mushrooms

30
Q

what are the chief functions of Niacin, B3?

A

Part of coenzymes needed in energy metabolism

31
Q

what is the effect of Niacin, B3 deficiency?

A

Pellagra, characterized by flaky skin rash (dermatitis) where exposed to sunlight; mental depression, apathy, fatigue, loss of memory, headache; diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting; swollen, smooth, bright red or black tongue

32
Q

what is the effect of Niacin, B3 toxicity?

A

Painful flush, hives, and rash (“niacin flush”); excessive sweating; blurred vision; liver damage, impaired glucose tolerance

33
Q

what are the sources of Niacin, B3?

A

chicken breast, pork chop, baked potato, tuna, enriched cereal, mushrooms

34
Q

what are the chief functions of folate?

A

Part of a coenzyme needed for new cell synthesis

35
Q

what is the effect of folate deficiency?

A

Anemia, smooth, red tongue; depression, mental confusion, weakness, fatigue, irritability, headache; a low intake increases the risk of neural tube birth defects

36
Q

what is the effect of folate toxicity?

A

Masks vitamin –deficiency symptoms

37
Q

what are the sources of folate?

A

beef liver, pinto beans, asparagus, avocado, lentils, spinach, enriched cereal, beets

38
Q

what are the chief functions of cyanocobalamin, B12?

A

Part of coenzymes needed in new cell synthesis; helps to maintain nerve cells

39
Q

what is the effect of cyanocobalamin, B12 deficiency?

A

Pernicious anemia;Footnote anemia (large-cell type);Footnote smooth tongue; tingling or numbness; fatigue, memory loss, disorientation, degeneration of nerves progressing to paralysis

40
Q

what is the effect of cyanocobalamin, B12 toxicity?

A

None reported

41
Q

what are the sources of cyanocobalamin, B12?

A

chicken liver, sirloin steak, cottage cheese, pork roast, sardines, tuna, swiss cheese, enriched cereal

42
Q

what are the chief functions of pyridoxine, B6?

A

Part of a coenzyme needed in amino acid and fatty acid metabolism; helps to convert tryptophan to niacin and to serotonin; helps to make hemoglobin for red blood cells

43
Q

what is the effect of pyridoxine, B6 deficiency?

A

Anemia, depression, confusion, abnormal brain wave pattern, convulsions; greasy, scaly dermatitis

44
Q

what is the effect of pyridoxine, B6 toxicity?

A

Depression, fatigue, impaired memory, irritability, headaches, nerve damage causing numbness and muscle weakness progressing to an inability to walk and convulsions; skin lesions

45
Q

what are sources for pyridoxine B6?

A

beef liver, banana, sweet potato, baked potato, chicken breast, spinach

46
Q

what are the chief functions of Pantothenic Acid?

A

part of a coenzyme needed in energy metabolism, lipid synthesis, NTs, steroid hormone, hemoglobin

47
Q

what is the effect of Pantothenic Acid deficiency?

A

vomiting, intestinal distress, insomnia, fatigue, hypoglycemia, increased sensitivity to insulin

48
Q

what is the effect of Pantothenic Acid toxicity?

A

water retention

49
Q

what are sources for Pantothenic Acid?

A

diet

50
Q

what are the chief functions of Biotin?

A

a cofactor for several enzymes needed in energy metabolism, fat synthesis, amino acid metabolism, glycogen synthesis

51
Q

what is the effect of Biotin deficiency?

A

abnormal heart action, loss of appetite, nausea, depression, muscle pain, weakness, fatigue, numbness of extremities, dry around eyes, nose and mouth

52
Q

what is the effect of Biotin toxicity?

A

none known

53
Q

what are sources for Biotin B6?

A

eggs

MABS Nutrition (24 decks)

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