Vitamins Flashcards
what are the chief functions of Vitamin A and Beta-carotene?
vision; maintenance of cornea, epithelial cells, mucous membranes, skin; growth; regulation of gene expression; reproduction; immunity
what are the deficiencies of Vitamin A and Beta-carotene?
night blindness, corneal drying (xerosis), and blindness (xerophthalmia); impaired growth; keratin lumps on the skin; impaired immunity
what is the effect of A and Beta-carotene toxicity?
Vitamin A
acute- nausea, vomiting, headache
chronic- birth defects, liver abnormalities, brain and nerve disorders
Beta Carotene- harmless yellowing of skin
what is the chief function of Vitamin D?
mineralization of bones and teeth (raises blood calcium and phosphorus by increasing absorption from the digestive tract, withdrawing calcium from the bones, stimulating retention by the kidneys)
what are the deficiencies of Vitamin D?
abnormal bone growth resulting in rickets in children osteomalacia in adults; malformed teeth; muscle spasms
what is the effect of Vitamin D toxicity?
elevated blood calcium; calcification of soft tissues like the blood vessels, kidneys, heart, lungs, tissue of joints), excessive thirst, headache, nausea and weakness
what are the chief functions of Vitamin E?
Antioxidant (protects cell membranes, regulates oxidation reactions, protects polyunsaturated fatty acids)
what are the deficiencies of Vitamin E?
Red blood cell breakage, nerve damage
what is the effect of Vitamin E toxicity?
Augments the effects of anticlotting medication
what are the chief functions of Vitamin K?
Synthesis of blood-clotting proteins and bone proteins
what are the deficiencies of Vitamin K?
Hemorrhage; abnormal bone formation
what is the effect of Vitamin K toxicity?
Opposes the effects of anticlotting medication
what are sources for Vitamin A?
fortified milk, carrots, sweet potato, spinach, beef liver, boy choy, apricots
what are the sources for Vitamin D?
enriched cereal, sardines, salmon, sunlight, cod liver oil, fortified milk, tuna
what are the sources for Vitamin E?
safflower oil, wheat germ, mayo, canola oil, sunflower seeds
what are the sources for Vitamin K?
cabbage, spinach, soybeans, kale, asparagus, salad greens
what are the water soluble vitamins?
vitamin C and B vitamins
B vitamins B1 - thiamin B2 - riboflavin B3 - niacin folate B12 - cyanocobalamin B6 - pyridoxine Pantothenic Acid Biotin
what are the chief functions for Vitamin C?
Collagen synthesis (strengthens blood vessel walls, forms scar tissue, provides matrix for bone growth), antioxidant, restores vitamin E to active form, supports immune system, boosts iron absorption
what are deficiencies for Vitamin C?
Scurvy, with pinpoint hemorrhages, fatigue, bleeding gums, bruises; bone fragility, joint pain; poor wound healing, frequent infections
what is the effect of Vitamin C toxicity?
Nausea, abdominal cramps, diarrhea; rashes; interference with medical tests and drug therapies; in susceptible people, aggravation of gout or kidney stones
what are the sources of Vitamin C?
red/green peppers, brussel sprouts, grapefruit, sweet potato, orange juice, broccoli, strawberries, bok choy
what are the chief functions of Thiamin, B1?
Part of coenzyme active in energy metabolism
what are the deficiencies of Thiamin, B1?
Beriberi with possible edema or muscle wasting; enlarged heart, heart failure, muscular weakness, pain, apathy, poor short-term memory, confusion, irritability, difficulty walking, paralysis, jerky eye movements, anorexia, weight loss
what is the effect of Thiamin, B1 toxicity?
non reported
what are the sources for Thiamin, B1?
enriched pasta, pork chop, green peas, waffle, enriched wheat bagel, enriched cereal, sunflower seeds, baked potato, black beans
what are the chief functions of riboflavin, B2?
Part of coenzyme active in energy metabolism
what is the effect of riboflavin, B2 deficiency?
Cracks and redness at corners of mouth; painful, smooth, purplish red tongue; sore throat; inflamed eyes and eyelids, sensitivity to light; skin rashes
what is the effect of riboflavin, B2 toxicity?
none reported
what are the sources of riboflavin, B2?
beef liver, cottage cheese, enriched cereal, spinach, milk, yogurt, pork chop, mushrooms
what are the chief functions of Niacin, B3?
Part of coenzymes needed in energy metabolism
what is the effect of Niacin, B3 deficiency?
Pellagra, characterized by flaky skin rash (dermatitis) where exposed to sunlight; mental depression, apathy, fatigue, loss of memory, headache; diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting; swollen, smooth, bright red or black tongue
what is the effect of Niacin, B3 toxicity?
Painful flush, hives, and rash (“niacin flush”); excessive sweating; blurred vision; liver damage, impaired glucose tolerance
what are the sources of Niacin, B3?
chicken breast, pork chop, baked potato, tuna, enriched cereal, mushrooms
what are the chief functions of folate?
Part of a coenzyme needed for new cell synthesis
what is the effect of folate deficiency?
Anemia, smooth, red tongue; depression, mental confusion, weakness, fatigue, irritability, headache; a low intake increases the risk of neural tube birth defects
what is the effect of folate toxicity?
Masks vitamin –deficiency symptoms
what are the sources of folate?
beef liver, pinto beans, asparagus, avocado, lentils, spinach, enriched cereal, beets
what are the chief functions of cyanocobalamin, B12?
Part of coenzymes needed in new cell synthesis; helps to maintain nerve cells
what is the effect of cyanocobalamin, B12 deficiency?
Pernicious anemia;Footnote anemia (large-cell type);Footnote smooth tongue; tingling or numbness; fatigue, memory loss, disorientation, degeneration of nerves progressing to paralysis
what is the effect of cyanocobalamin, B12 toxicity?
None reported
what are the sources of cyanocobalamin, B12?
chicken liver, sirloin steak, cottage cheese, pork roast, sardines, tuna, swiss cheese, enriched cereal
what are the chief functions of pyridoxine, B6?
Part of a coenzyme needed in amino acid and fatty acid metabolism; helps to convert tryptophan to niacin and to serotonin; helps to make hemoglobin for red blood cells
what is the effect of pyridoxine, B6 deficiency?
Anemia, depression, confusion, abnormal brain wave pattern, convulsions; greasy, scaly dermatitis
what is the effect of pyridoxine, B6 toxicity?
Depression, fatigue, impaired memory, irritability, headaches, nerve damage causing numbness and muscle weakness progressing to an inability to walk and convulsions; skin lesions
what are sources for pyridoxine B6?
beef liver, banana, sweet potato, baked potato, chicken breast, spinach
what are the chief functions of Pantothenic Acid?
part of a coenzyme needed in energy metabolism, lipid synthesis, NTs, steroid hormone, hemoglobin
what is the effect of Pantothenic Acid deficiency?
vomiting, intestinal distress, insomnia, fatigue, hypoglycemia, increased sensitivity to insulin
what is the effect of Pantothenic Acid toxicity?
water retention
what are sources for Pantothenic Acid?
diet
what are the chief functions of Biotin?
a cofactor for several enzymes needed in energy metabolism, fat synthesis, amino acid metabolism, glycogen synthesis
what is the effect of Biotin deficiency?
abnormal heart action, loss of appetite, nausea, depression, muscle pain, weakness, fatigue, numbness of extremities, dry around eyes, nose and mouth
what is the effect of Biotin toxicity?
none known
what are sources for Biotin B6?
eggs
