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MABS Nutrition > Minerals > Flashcards

Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of calcium?

A

The principal mineral of bones and teeth. Also acts in normal muscle contraction and relaxation, nerve functioning, regulation of cell activities, blood clotting, blood pressure, and immune defenses.

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2
Q

what are the deficiency symptoms of calcium?

A

Stunted growth in children; adult bone loss (osteoporosis).

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3
Q

what are the toxicity symptoms of calcium?

A

High blood calcium; abnormal heart rhythms; soft tissue calcification; kidney stones; kidney dysfunction; interference with absorption of other minerals; constipation.

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4
Q

what are significant sources for calcium?

A

Milk and milk products, oysters, small fish (with bones), calcium-set tofu (bean curd), certain leafy greens (bok choy, turnip greens, kale), broccoli.

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5
Q

what is the function of phosphorus?

A

Mineralization of bones and teeth; important in cells’ genetic material, in cell membranes as phospholipids, in energy transfer, and in buffering systems.

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6
Q

what are the deficiency symptoms of phosphorus?

A

Appetite loss, bone pain, muscle weakness, impaired growth, and rickets in infants.

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7
Q

what are the toxicity symptoms of phosphorus?

A

Calcification of nonskeletal tissues, particularly the kidney.

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8
Q

what are significant sources for phosphorus?

A

Foods from animal sources, some legumes.

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9
Q

what is the function of magnesium?

A

A factor involved in bone mineralization, the building of protein, enzyme action, normal muscular function, transmission of nerve impulses, proper immune function, and maintenance of teeth.

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10
Q

what are the deficiency symptoms of magnesium?

A

Low blood calcium; muscle cramps; confusion; impaired vitamin D metabolism; if extreme, seizures, bizarre movements; hallucinations, and difficulty in swallowing. In children, growth failure.

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11
Q

what are the toxicity symptoms of magnesium?

A

Excess magnesium from abuse of laxatives (Epsom salts) causes diarrhea, nausea, and abdominal cramps with fluid and electrolyte and pH imbalances.

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12
Q

what are significant sources for magnesium?

A

Nuts, legumes, whole grains, dark green vegetables, seafoods, chocolate, cocoa.

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13
Q

what is the function of sodium?

A

Sodium, chloride, and potassium (electrolytes) maintain normal fluid balance and acid-base balance in the body. Sodium is critical to nerve impulse transmission.

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14
Q

what are the deficiency symptoms of sodium?

A

Muscle cramps, mental apathy, loss of appetite.

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15
Q

what are the toxicity symptoms of sodium?

A

Hypertension, edema.

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16
Q

what are significant sources for sodium?

A

Salt, soy sauce, seasoning mixes, processed foods, condiments, fast foods.

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17
Q

what is the function of potassium?

A

Facilitates reactions, including protein formation; fluid and electrolyte balance; support of cell integrity; transmission of nerve impulses; and contraction of muscles, including the heart.

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18
Q

what are the deficiency symptoms of potassium?

A

Deficiency accompanies dehydration; causes muscular weakness, paralysis, and confusion; can cause death.

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19
Q

what are the toxicity symptoms of potassium?

A

Causes muscular weakness; triggers vomiting; if given into a vein, can stop the heart.

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20
Q

what are significant sources for potassium?

A

All whole foods: meats, milk, fruits, vegetables, grains, legumes.

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21
Q

what is the function of chloride?

A

Part of the hydrochloric acid found in the stomach, necessary for proper digestion. Helps maintain normal fluid and electrolyte balance.

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22
Q

what are the deficiency symptoms of chloride?

A

Does not occur in normal circumstances, but can cause cramps, apathy, and death.

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23
Q

what are the toxicity symptoms of chloride?

A

Normally harmless (the gas chlorine is a poison but evaporates from water); can cause vomiting.

24
Q

what are significant sources for chloride?

A

Salt, soy sauce; moderate quantities in whole, unprocessed foods, large amounts in processed foods.

25
Q

what is the function of sulfate?

A

A contributor of sulfur to many important compounds, such as certain amino acids, antioxidants, and the vitamins biotin and thiamin; stabilizes protein shape by forming sulfur-sulfur bridges

26
Q

what are the deficiency symptoms of sulfate?

A

None known; protein deficiency would occur first.

27
Q

what are the toxicity symptoms of sulfate?

A

Would occur only if sulfur amino acids were eaten in excess; this (in animals) depresses growth.

28
Q

what are significant sources for sulfate?

A

All protein-containing foods.

29
Q

what is the function of iodine?

A

A component of the thyroid hormone thyroxine, which helps to regulate growth, development, and metabolic rate.

30
Q

what are the deficiency symptoms of iodine?

A

Goiter, cretinism.

31
Q

what are the toxicity symptoms of iodine?

A

Depressed thyroid activity; goiter-like thyroid enlargement.

32
Q

what are significant sources for iodine?

A

Iodized salt, seafood, bread, plants grown in most parts of the country and animals fed those plants.

33
Q

what is the function of iron?

A

Part of the protein hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in the blood; part of the protein myoglobin in muscles, which makes oxygen available for muscle contraction; necessary for the use of energy.

34
Q

what are the deficiency symptoms of iron?

A

Anemia: weakness, fatigue, pale skin and mucous membranes, pale concave nails, headaches, inability to concentrate, impaired cognitive function (children), lowered cold tolerance.

35
Q

what are the toxicity symptoms of iron?

A

Iron overload: fatigue, abdominal pain, infections, liver injury, joint pain, skin pigmentation, growth retardation in children, bloody stools, shock.

36
Q

what are significant sources for iron?

A

Red meats, fish, poultry, shellfish, eggs, legumes, green leafy vegetables, dried fruits.

37
Q

what is the function of zinc?

A

Associated with hormones; needed for many enzymes; involved in making genetic material and proteins, immune cell activation, transport of vitamin A, taste perception, wound healing, the making of sperm, and normal fetal development.

38
Q

what are the deficiency symptoms of zinc?

A

Growth failure in children, dermatitis, sexual retardation, loss of taste, poor wound healing.

39
Q

what are the toxicity symptoms of zinc?

A

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite, headache, immune suppression, decreased HDL, reduced iron and copper status

40
Q

what are significant sources for zinc?

A

Protein-containing foods: meats, fish, shellfish, poultry, grains, yogurt.

41
Q

what is the function of selenium?

A

Assists a group of enzymes that defend against oxidation.

42
Q

what are the deficiency symptoms of selenium?

A

Predisposition to a form of heart disease characterized by fibrous cardiac tissue (uncommon).

43
Q

what are the toxicity symptoms of selenium?

A

Nausea; diarrhea; nail and hair changes; joint pain; nerve, liver, and bone damage; garlic breath odor.

44
Q

what are significant sources for selenium?

A

Seafoods, organ meats, other meats, whole grains, and vegetables depending on soil content.

45
Q

what is the function of fluoride?

A

Strengthens tooth enamel; confers decay resistance on teeth.

46
Q

what are the deficiency symptoms of fluoride?

A

Susceptibility to tooth decay.

47
Q

what are the toxicity symptoms of fluoride?

A

Fluorosis (discoloration) of teeth, skeletal fluorosis (weak, malformed bones), nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, chest pain, itching.

48
Q

what are significant sources for fluoride?

A

Drinking water if fluoride-containing or fluoridated, tea, seafood.

49
Q

what is the function of chromium?

A

Associated with insulin; needed for energy release from glucose.

50
Q

what are the deficiency symptoms of chromium?

A

Abnormal glucose metabolism.

51
Q

what are the toxicity symptoms of chromium?

A

Possibly skin eruptions.

52
Q

what are significant sources for chromium?

A

Meat, unrefined grains, vegetable oils.

53
Q

what is the function of copper?

A

Helps form hemoglobin and collagen; part of several enzymes.

54
Q

what are the deficiency symptoms of copper?

A

Anemia; bone abnormalities.

55
Q

what are the toxicity symptoms of copper?

A

Vomiting, diarrhea; liver damage

56
Q

what are significant sources for copper?

A

Organ meats, seafood, nuts, seeds, whole grains, drinking water

MABS Nutrition (24 decks)

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