Nutrition Tools Lecture 4-5 Flashcards
describe the dietary reference intake?
a set of five lists of values for measuring the nutrient intakes of healthy people in the United States and Canada. The lists are
Estimated Average Requirements (EAR) research/policy
Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) adequacy
Adequate Intake (AI) adequacy
Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL) safety
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR) healthful ranges for energy yielding nutrients
describe the Daily Values?
nutrient standards used on food labels and on grocery store and restaurant signs. This is based on nutrient recommendations for a general 2,000 calorie diet and they allow consumers to compare foods with regard to nutrients and calorie contents
The reason DRI’s are not used is that DRI values for a nutrient vary, sometimes widely, to address the different nutrient needs of different population groups. Food Labels, in contrast, must list a single value for each nutrient that may be used by anyone who picks up a package of food and reads the label. The daily values reflect the highest level of nutrient needs among all population groups, from children of age 4 years through aging adults; for example, the Daily value for iron is 18 mg, an amount that far exceeds a man’s RDA of 8 mg (but that meets a young women’s high need precisely). Thus, the daily values are ideal for allowing general comparisons among foods, but they cannot serve as nutrient intake goals for individuals.
why are the DRI and DV important?
they are the nutrient standards against which people’s nutrient and energy intakes can be measured and are used to assess intake and provide advice; so the DRI are US and Canadian nutrient intake standards and the Daily Values are US standards used on food labels
Identify how the dietary guidelines for Americans work as part of an overall US dietary guidance system?
remember that in tandem with the DRI and DVs, the dietary guidelines for Americans offer food based strategies for achieving nutrient intake goals, that is not overconsuming calories, taking in nutrient dense food and beverages, and make physical activity a habit.
In the Current US diet, important nutrients are undersupplied and less healthful nutrients are oversupplied
what is the physical activity guideline according to Dr. Wilson?
150 min of moderate exercise per week or 75 min of vigorous activity plus two days of body weight training
how should you plan your diet according to the Dietary Guideline?
1) follow a healthy eating pattern across the lifespan
2) focus on variety, nutrient dense, and amount
3) limit calories from added sugars and saturated fats and reduce sodium intake
4) shift to healthier food and beverage choices
5) support healthy eating patterns for all
Explain the use of the USDA Food Intake Patterns to plan a nutritious diet?
To help people achieve the goals of the dietary guidelines for Americans the USDA employs a food group plan known as the USDA eating patterns
what is a food group plan?
the food group plan is a diet planning tool that sorts foods into groups based on their nutrient content and then specifies that people should eat certain minimum numbers of servings of foods from each group.
what makes up the food group plan?
fruits vegetables grains protein foods milk and milk products oils
given the required number of calories, discuss a healthful diet plan by applying the USDA Eating Patterns?
so the USDA eating patterns specify the amounts of food needed from each food group to create a healthful diet for a given number of calorie. Study the trends and understand why the calories are needed for those groups, i.e.- the more energy spent on physical activity each day means that greater calories are needed. Refer to table 2-3 and 2-4, which table 2-3 specifies total intakes per day and table 2-4 shows those amounts dispersed among five vegetables and three protein foods subgroups per week
Identify the information included on food labels?
the food label includes the nutrition facts that reveal details about nutrient composition. The food labels comprise and must state:
1) the common or usual name of the product
2) name and address of the manufacturer, packer or distributor
3) net contents in terms of weight, measure, or count
4) the nutrient contents of the product
5) ingredients in descending order of predominance by weight and in ordinary language
6) essential warnings like alerts about ingredients that often cause allergic reactions or other problems
keep in mind that the nutrition panel is organized as follows:
serving size servings per container Calories/calories from fat Nutrients -total fat -cholesterol -sodium -total carbohydrate -protein Daily Values and calories per gram reminder
What are some themes we have noticed about nutrition in America?
nation has serious health problems
large gap exists between actual and optimal food intake patterns
optimal food intake patterns are known
individuals can make the needed changes
public policy affects population wide behaviors
diet choices can affect the environment
what are some shortfalls in the American Diet?
Vitamin A,C,D,E folate calcium iron magnesium fiber potassium
what are some over consumed foods in our diet?
sodium and saturated fat
what are the food groups?
fruits, vegetables, grains, protein foods, milk and milk products, oils
whats a nutrient claim?
FDA-approved food label statements that describe the nutrient levels in food like fat free or less sodium
A food that meets specified criteria may display certain approved nutrient claims on its label. These claims – for example, that a food is low in cholesterol or a good source of vitamin A – are based on the Daily Values.
what do food labels include?
nutrient claims, health claims, structure /function claims
whats a health claim?
FDA approved food label statements that link food constituents with disease or health related conditions; these are standards, qualified claims. i.e.- soluble fiber from daily oatmeal in a diet low in saturated fat and trans fat may reduce the risk of heart disease or A diet low in total fat may reduce the risk of some cancers
Describes a relationship between a food or its components and a disease or health condition. Example “Diets low in sodium may reduce the risk of high blood pressure.”
Qualified Claims
a. FDA allowed claims backed by weak evidence.
b. Labels bearing them must also state the strength of the scientific evidence backing them up.
c. Consumers are unable to distinguish between scientifically reliable claims and those that are less so.
structure/function claims
legal but largely unregulated statements permitted on labels of foods and dietary supplements describing the effect of a substance on the structure or function of the body but omit references to disease like support immunity and digestive health or builds strong bones
Structure/function claims
Requires no prior approval
Notification of FDA is sufficient
Required label disclaimer – ex. - “This statement has not been evaluated by the FDA”
Examples
“Supports immunity and digestive health
“Helps maintain normal cholesterol levels”
how do we identify reliable health claims on food labels?
nutrients claims are reliable information, health claims are reliable and not so reliable, structure function claims are best ignored
Estimate the benefits of a nutrient-dense meal plan through comparison with a meal plan that does not take nutrient density into account
a nutrient dense meal provides the necessary servings from each food group along with a small amount of oil needed for health and energy provided falls within 2000 calorie allowance whereas on the contrast, a not so nutrient dense meal can be abundant in oils, meat, and grains and completely lack fruit and whole grains and low in vegetables and milk to provide adequate nutrients
what are phytochemical?
non nutrient components of plants under study that can alter body processes providing antioxidant activity and protecting the DNA from oxidative damage
what the potential impacts of the phytochemicals in flaxseed?
Lignans and phytoestrogens (mimic estrogen by bacteria in digestive tract)
Speculative work: fewer cancerous changes, reduce risk of developing breast cancer, less cancer cell proliferation in men with prostate cancer
