Carbohydrates Lecture 8-9 Flashcards
how many types of sugar molecules are there?
six sugar molecules
what are the six sugar molecules?
3 monosaccharides and 3 disaccharides, 2 classes
mono: glucose, fructose, and galactose
disaccharides: though linked, they are lactose, maltose, and sucrose
what are the differences between the classes of sugars?
Monosaccharides: can be absorbed directly into blood
Disaccharides must be digested (broken down by enzymes) before absorption
what is whole grain?
label term for the food in which the grain is entirely whole grain, with no added refined grains. Provide greater amounts of vitamin B6 and the minerals magnesium and zinc when compared to refined grains
what is enriched/fortified grains?
addition of nutrients to a refined food product
what is refined grains?
the bran, germ, or other edible parts of the grain has been removed; less nutritious than whole grains
how much of the daily grains should be whole?
half, best choice
what are benefits of fiber rich foods?
Reduce risk of heart disease and stroke
Reduces risk of diabetes by modulating blood glucose and insulin levels
Improves digestive tract health
Promotes healthy body weight
Risk of colon and rectum cancer lowers with higher fiber intakes
what can help reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke?
Complex carbs: More than just fiber
Viscous fiber: cholesterol synthesis, blood glucose control
what helps to improve digestive health track?
All kinds of fiber, ample fluid intake, protects against constipation, hemorrhoids, appendicitis, and diverticulosis
how are starch and disaccharides broken down?
monosaccharides for absorption
what is starch digestion?
begins in the mouth (splits starch into shorter units), ceases in the stomach, resumes in the small intestine, resistant starch
how are sugars digested?
split to yield free monosaccharides, enzymes on small intestine lining, travel to liver
how is fiber utilized?
fermented by bacteria in the colon
what macronutrient is most basic unit used for energy?
carbohydrate
how does the body handle glucose?
keeps an internal supply and tightly regulates it for blood glucose concentration
what are the most important organs that use glucose?
Brain, nervous system, and red blood cells
how does the body react to carbohydrates?
In the presence of carbohydrates: body will release insulin to store glucose in tissues (mainly liver and muscles.
how does the body react without carbohydrates?
In the absence of carbohydrate: body will burn the stores of glucose in the liver (this lasts approximately 3-6 hours) and then turn to triglycerides for energy.
what percentage of cases are type 1 diabetes?
5-10%
what percentage of cases are type 2 diabetes?
90-95%
what is the age onset for type 1 diabetes?
<30 years
what is the age onset for type 2 diabetes?
> 45 years
what are the associated characteristics for type 1 diabetes?
autoimmune disease, viral infections, family history
what are the associated characteristics for type 2 diabetes?
aging, overweight, obesity, family history, heart disease, elevated blood lipids, hypertension, psychological depression, some medications
what are the primary problems for type 1 diabetes?
destruction of pancreatic beta cells, insulin deficiency
what are the primary problems for type 2 diabetes?
insulin resistance, insulin deficiency (relative to needs)
what is insulin secretion like for type 1 diabetes?
little or none
what is insulin secretion like for type 2 diabetes?
varies, may be normal, increased, decreased
how often does type 1 diabetes require insulin?
always
how often does type 2 diabetes require insulin?
sometimes
what are other names associated with type 1 diabetes?
juvenile onset diabetes, insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)
what are other names associated with type 2 diabetes?
adult onset diabetes, non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)
What are the parameters of Hemoglobin A1c for diagnosing an individual with diabetes?
HbA1c test (non-fasting test)- (normal = 5.7%; prediabetes = 5.7-6.4%; Type II diabetes = > 6.5%)
what is the primary use of glucose for the body?
providing energy
how does the body use glucose for fuel?
- glycolysis
- its stored as fat, but body fat cannot be converted to glucose
- ketosis, the conversion of fats into ketone bodies
what is the glycemic index?
a ranking of foods according to their potential for raising blood glucose relative to a standard food such as glucose
what is the glycemic load?
a mathematical expression of both the glycemic index and the carbohydrate content of a food, meal, or diet.
