Carbohydrates Lecture 8-9

Question 1

how many types of sugar molecules are there?

Answer 1

six sugar molecules

Question 2

what are the six sugar molecules?

Answer 2

3 monosaccharides and 3 disaccharides, 2 classes

mono: glucose, fructose, and galactose
disaccharides: though linked, they are lactose, maltose, and sucrose

Question 3

what are the differences between the classes of sugars?

Answer 3

Monosaccharides: can be absorbed directly into blood

Disaccharides must be digested (broken down by enzymes) before absorption

Question 4

what is whole grain?

Answer 4

label term for the food in which the grain is entirely whole grain, with no added refined grains. Provide greater amounts of vitamin B6 and the minerals magnesium and zinc when compared to refined grains

Question 5

what is enriched/fortified grains?

Answer 5

addition of nutrients to a refined food product

Question 6

what is refined grains?

Answer 6

the bran, germ, or other edible parts of the grain has been removed; less nutritious than whole grains

Question 7

how much of the daily grains should be whole?

Answer 7

half, best choice

Question 8

what are benefits of fiber rich foods?

Answer 8

Reduce risk of heart disease and stroke

Reduces risk of diabetes by modulating blood glucose and insulin levels

Improves digestive tract health

Promotes healthy body weight

Risk of colon and rectum cancer lowers with higher fiber intakes

Question 9

what can help reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke?

Answer 9

Complex carbs: More than just fiber

Viscous fiber: cholesterol synthesis, blood glucose control

Question 10

what helps to improve digestive health track?

Answer 10

All kinds of fiber, ample fluid intake, protects against constipation, hemorrhoids, appendicitis, and diverticulosis

Question 11

how are starch and disaccharides broken down?

Answer 11

monosaccharides for absorption

Question 12

what is starch digestion?

Answer 12

begins in the mouth (splits starch into shorter units), ceases in the stomach, resumes in the small intestine, resistant starch

Question 13

how are sugars digested?

Answer 13

split to yield free monosaccharides, enzymes on small intestine lining, travel to liver

Question 14

how is fiber utilized?

Answer 14

fermented by bacteria in the colon

Question 15

what macronutrient is most basic unit used for energy?

Answer 15

carbohydrate

Question 16

how does the body handle glucose?

Answer 16

keeps an internal supply and tightly regulates it for blood glucose concentration

Question 17

what are the most important organs that use glucose?

Answer 17

Brain, nervous system, and red blood cells

Question 18

how does the body react to carbohydrates?

Answer 18

In the presence of carbohydrates: body will release insulin to store glucose in tissues (mainly liver and muscles.

Question 19

how does the body react without carbohydrates?

Answer 19

In the absence of carbohydrate: body will burn the stores of glucose in the liver (this lasts approximately 3-6 hours) and then turn to triglycerides for energy.

Question 20

what percentage of cases are type 1 diabetes?

Answer 20

5-10%

Question 21

what percentage of cases are type 2 diabetes?

Answer 21

90-95%

Question 22

what is the age onset for type 1 diabetes?

Answer 22

<30 years

Question 23

what is the age onset for type 2 diabetes?

Answer 23

> 45 years

Question 24

what are the associated characteristics for type 1 diabetes?

Answer 24

autoimmune disease, viral infections, family history

Question 25

what are the associated characteristics for type 2 diabetes?

Answer 25

aging, overweight, obesity, family history, heart disease, elevated blood lipids, hypertension, psychological depression, some medications

Question 26

what are the primary problems for type 1 diabetes?

Answer 26

destruction of pancreatic beta cells, insulin deficiency

Question 27

what are the primary problems for type 2 diabetes?

Answer 27

insulin resistance, insulin deficiency (relative to needs)

Question 28

what is insulin secretion like for type 1 diabetes?

Answer 28

little or none

Question 29

what is insulin secretion like for type 2 diabetes?

Answer 29

varies, may be normal, increased, decreased

Question 30

how often does type 1 diabetes require insulin?

Answer 30

always

Question 31

how often does type 2 diabetes require insulin?

Answer 31

sometimes

Question 32

what are other names associated with type 1 diabetes?

Answer 32

juvenile onset diabetes, insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)

Question 33

what are other names associated with type 2 diabetes?

Answer 33

adult onset diabetes, non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)

Question 34

What are the parameters of Hemoglobin A1c for diagnosing an individual with diabetes?

Answer 34

HbA1c test (non-fasting test)- (normal = 5.7%; prediabetes = 5.7-6.4%; Type II diabetes = > 6.5%)

Question 35

what is the primary use of glucose for the body?

Answer 35

providing energy

Question 36

how does the body use glucose for fuel?

Answer 36

• glycolysis
• its stored as fat, but body fat cannot be converted to glucose
• ketosis, the conversion of fats into ketone bodies

Question 37

what is the glycemic index?

Answer 37

a ranking of foods according to their potential for raising blood glucose relative to a standard food such as glucose

Question 38

what is the glycemic load?

Answer 38

a mathematical expression of both the glycemic index and the carbohydrate content of a food, meal, or diet.