Chapter 9 Energy Balance Flashcards
What is the normal body composition?
75% Lean body mass (LBM)…aka Fat free mass (FFM)
25% Fat mass (FM)
how many pounds do children gain until they are 9-10 years old?
at a rate of 3.5-7 lbs per year
during puberty, how much height/body weight is gained?
20% of adult height
40-50% adult body weight
Males gain 2x LBM as females
FM increase 15-18% (m) and 22-26% (f)
What is basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
The rate at which the body expends energy to sustain basic life processes such as respiration, heartbeat, renal function, and blood circulation
what are the methods for assessments and the three E’s?
Anthropometric- Height, weight, circumference, body composition
Biochemical- Blood, urine, hair analysis
Clinical- Hair loss, thirst, skin pinch, discoloration
Diet- 24 hour recall, 3 day food record, Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ)
Economics , Emotions, Education
What are the BMI ranges for the underweight?
Underweight < 18.5
What are the BMI ranges for the overweight?
Overweight ≥ 25-30
What are the BMI ranges for the obese?
Obese ≥ 30
What are the BMI ranges for the morbidly obese?
Morbidly Obese ≥ 40
What are the two hunger-regulating hormones we discussed in class?
Ghrelin
Leptin
what is Ghrelin?
hunger stimulating hormone
Opposes weight loss
Secreted by stomach cells
Works in the hypothalamus
One of many messengers that signals hunger
what is Leptin?
Adipokine hormone
Produced in direct proportion to body fatness
Triggers suppression of appetite
What are the four “Inside-the-Body Theories of Obesity” we discussed?
Set-point theory – “Homeostatic weight”
Thermogenesis
Intestinal microbiota
Genetics and obesity
what is Set-point theory – “Homeostatic weight”?
Body organs regulate body fatness
what is Thermogenesis Theory?
Enzymes in body expend heat from body; spending more calories
Brown adipose tissue (BAT)
what is Intestinal microbiota Theory?
Mixed research (reduced food intake but gains in weight; trigger blood lipid changes; damaged inflammation response; etc.)
what is the Genetics and obesity Theory?
Influence tendency to gain weight or stay lean
Environmental factors
What are the “Out-of-Body Theories of Obesity” we discussed?
Environmental cues to overeating
Food supply
Physical inactivity
Neighborhoods
National goals to slow or reverse obesity epidemic
Discuss the “Out-of-Body Theories of Obesity” we discussed?
Environmental cues to overeating
o Available foods
o Human sensations
o Larger portions
Food supply
o Addictive?
Dopamine activity
Physical inactivity
o Screen time
o Sedentary jobs
Neighborhoods
o Built environment
o Food deserts
National goals to slow or reverse obesity epidemic
How do we make sure behavior change is achieved/maintained?
By setting small, achievable, realistic goals
What food strategies are best for weight loss?
Choose appropriate calorie intake
- Minimum calorie recommendations
- Composition of weight loss
Adequate intakes
-Supplements
Portion sizes
-Read labels
Meal spacing
-Snacking
What are some behavior modifications for weight control?
Eliminate inappropriate eating and activity cues
Suppress cues you cannot eliminate
Strengthen cues to appropriate activities
Repeat desired behaviors
Emphasize negative consequences
Emphasize positive consequences
What are the three eating disorders we discussed in class?
- Anorexia nervosa
- Bulimia nervosa
- Binge eating disorder
what is Anorexia nervosa?
Self-starvation
Generally cannot recognize condition
what is Bulimia nervosa?
More prevalent than anorexia
Binge eating and purging
Purges after eating anything
what is Binge eating disorder?
Respond more readily to treatment than bulimia
Doesn’t always purge after eating…only after binge eating
what is the Female Athlete Triad?
eating disorder
osteoporosis
amenorrhea
what is an eating disorder?
restrictive dieting
overexercising
weight loss
lack of body fat
what is osteoporosis?
loss of calcium from bones
what is amenorrhea?
diminished hormones
