The Remarkable Body Lecture 6-7 Flashcards
what are the six basic needs of the cell?
oxygen, energy, water, nutrients, cell cycling, cell cooperation
what are the gene control functions?
- direct protein production
- provide instruction for structural component of cells
- affect how body handles the -nutrients
- gene variations
what is the central hierarchy of how the human body is organized?
cells are organized into tissues, then tissues are grouped together to form organs, organs work together as part of body systems
What is the route of blood and nutrients throughout the body?
heart-intestines-liver-heart and then at some point to the kidneys to filter out the waste
What interactions occur with nervous system and nutrition?
- the hypothalamus monitors many body conditions, including the availability of nutrients and water. To signal hunger, the physiological need for food, the digestive tract sends messages to the hypothalamus by way of hormones and nerves. The signals also stimulate the stomach to intensify its contractions and secretions, causing hunger pangs (and gurgling sounds).
- Fight or flight response. When danger is detected, nerves release neurotransmitters, epinephrine and norepinephrine. Every organ of the body responds, and metabolism speeds up.
What roles do the food containing organs play in digestion?
- Mouth – Chews and mixes food with saliva
- Esophagus – Passes food to stomach.
- Stomach – Adds acid, enzymes, and fluid. Churns, mixes, and grinds food to a liquid mass.
- Small intestines – Secretes enzymes that digest carbohydrate, fat, and protein. Cells lining the intestine absorb nutrients into the blood and lymph.
- Large intestines (Colon) – Reabsorbs water and minerals, passes wastes (fiber, microorganisms, and any unabsorbed nutrients) and some water to the rectum.
- Rectum – Stores waste prior to elimination.
- Anus – Holds rectum closed. Opens to allow elimination.
What roles do the accessory organs play in digestion?
● Salivary Glands – Donate a starch-digesting enzyme. Donate a trace of fat digesting enzyme (important to infants).
● Liver – Manufactures bile, a detergent like substance that facilitates digestion of fats.
● Gallbladder – Stores bile until needed
● Bile Duct – Conducts bile to small intestines.
● Pancreatic duct – Conducts pancreatic juice into small intestines.
● Pancreas –Manufactures enzymes to digest all energy-yielding nutrients. Releases bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid that enters small intestine.
what are the common digestive problems
hiccups fiber and gas heartburn GERD Ulcers constipation and diarrhea irritable bowel syndrome hernia choking
what are hiccups?
spasms of both the vocal cords and the diaphragm, causing periodic, audible, short, inhaled coughs. Can result from irritation of the diaphragm, indigestion, or other causes. Hiccups usually resolve in a few minutes but can have serious effects if prolonged. Breathing into a paper bag (inhaling carbon dioxide) or dissolving a teaspoon of sugar in the mouth may stop them.
what is heartburn?
a burning sensation in the chest (in the area of the heart) caused by backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus. Antacids recommended but used for temporary relief, usually results in producing more acid and nutrient absorption is affected; acid reducers used but needed with physician approve because digestion becomes a problem
what is gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?
a severe and chronic splashing of stomach acid and enzymes into the esophagus, throat, mouth, or airway that causes injury to those organs. Untreated GERD may increase the risk of esophageal cancer; treatment may require surgery or management with medication.
what are ulcers?
an erosion in the topmost, and sometimes underlying, layers of cells that form a lining. Ulcers of the digestive tract commonly form in the esophagus, stomach, or upper small intestine.
what is constipation?
infrequent, difficult bowel movements often caused by diet, inactivity, dehydration, or medication.
what is diarrhea?
frequent, watery bowel movements usually caused by diet, stress, or irritation of the colon. Severe, prolonged diarrhea robs the body of fluid and certain minerals, causing dehydration and imbalances that can be dangerous if left untreated.
what is irritable bowel syndrome?
intermittent disturbance of bowel function, especially diarrhea or alternating diarrhea and constipation, often with abdominal cramping or bloating; managed with diet, physical activity, or relief from psychological stress. The cause is uncertain, but inflammation is often involved, and a role for an altered intestinal microbiota is suspected. IBS does not permanently harm the intestines or lead to serious diseases.
what is a hernia?
a protrusion of an organ or part of an organ through the wall of the body chamber that normally contains the organ. An example is a hiatal (high-AY-tal) hernia, in which part of the stomach protrudes up through the diaphragm into the chest cavity, which contains the esophagus, heart, and lungs.
what happens when you choke?
eating too quickly because food is lodged in the trachea blocking the passage of air. First aid or heimlich maneuver is usually indicated
