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PHAR 300 (Kim) > Vitamins > Flashcards

Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

Vitamins are

A

organic compound

NOT synthesized in the body

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2
Q

Fat soluble vitamins:

A

Vitamins A.D.E.K

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3
Q

Water soluble

A

Vitamins B.C

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4
Q

Precursor of Vit A

A

beta-carotene

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5
Q

Retinol dehydrogenase

A

convert retinol into retinal/retinaldehyde

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6
Q

Retinal dehydrogenase

A

convert retinal into retinoic acid

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7
Q

Benefit of vit A:

A

Vision and retina, skin, mucous, teeth and skeletal

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8
Q

Retinal (aldehyde) are into 2 forms:

A

cis and trans

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9
Q

Exposure of light/photons alter

A

structure of retinal (cis–>trans-retinal)

isomerize/change structure

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10
Q

Photoreceptor of the eyes

A

rods and cones

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11
Q

Rodds and cones interact with

where

A

the bipolar layer’s cells

In the outer plexiform layer

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12
Q

The bipolar layer communicate with the the ganglion cells in

A

the inner plexiform layer

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13
Q

Rods cells responsible to

A

dim light, black and white vision (Dark adaptation)

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14
Q

in the rod cells disks, it contain:

A

Rhodopsin

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15
Q

Rhodopsin is made of

A

retinal and opsin

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16
Q

Light cause a

A

disrupture of the link of retinal to opsin.

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17
Q

Rhodopsin is which type of receptor:

A

GPCR

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18
Q

When retinal detach from opsin, it activating the secondary messenger system (GPCR mechanism).
The end result of the messenger:

A

Closure of Na channels –> Cell hyperpolarization

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19
Q

Rod cell normal function is to

A

inhibit bipolar cells

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20
Q

Hyperpolarization of rod cell result in

A

less inhibition = stimulation of ganglion cells = allowed vision in dark.

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21
Q

Lack of retinal in the eye:

A

No retinal to detach from opsin= no 2e messenger= no configuration change.

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22
Q

Deficiency of Vit. A:

A

Abnormal function epithelial cells
Impaired immune response
Blindness

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23
Q

Vit D make by skin: UV light react with

A

7-dehydrocholesterol (an enzyme) —> Vit D3 (Cholecalciferol)

24
Q

Cholecalciferol (vit D3) is

A

inactive

Prohormone/provitamin

25
Q

Liver convert in active form by hydroxylation Vit D3 in:

A

25-hydroxyvitamin D3

26
Q

Kidney convert in active form by hydroxylation Vit D3 in:

A

1,25-dihydrovitamin D3 (metabolite form/active form)

27
Q

The metabolite (Vit D) binds to

A

Vit D receptor (VDR) –> heterodimerizes with retinoid X receptor (RXR) –> VDRE –> transcriptional

28
Q

Vit D upregulate: (4)

A

Calbindins (bind Calcium in GIT for absorption)
Bone matrix proteins (bone strength)
Osteoblast regulation (synthesize bone)
Synthesis of Type I collagen in bones

29
Q

Vit D downregulate: (1)

A

Parathyroid hormone –> decrease calcium resorption from bones.

30
Q

Rickets condition related to:

A

Deficiency of Vit D –> Weakening and softening of the bones brought by extreme calcium loss

31
Q

Kiphotic spine is

A

bending/curvature in the spine (vertebral collase)

32
Q

Dark skin people are at risk of Vit D deficiency bc

A

They have less sunlight penetrating through the melanin protection

33
Q

Non-classical actions of vit D:

A

anti-hypertensive, Anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory

deficiency of vit D increase risk of cardiovasc disease/heart attack

34
Q

Vitamin E is

A

mixture of antioxidants and free radical scavengers

35
Q

Benefits of vit E

A

Protect cell membrane and tissues from damage by oxidation, aids formation RBC and use of vit K

36
Q

Vit E deciciency:

A

Neurological damage, hemolytic anemia.

37
Q

Vit K is made by:

A

intestinal bacteria

38
Q

Vitamin C (also know as:)

A

ascorbic acid

39
Q

Precursor of vit C (3-ketol-L-glulonolacgone) can be convert into L-ascorbic acid bc

A

Enzyme required to convert is not present in human.

40
Q

Why do we need vit C:

A

bc we dont have the enzyme required to convert the precursor of vit C into L-ascorbic acid.

41
Q

VIt C is

A

antioxydant (act as electron donor)

42
Q

Vit C benefits

A

Collagen synthesis

43
Q

Free radicals end result:

A

DNA damage

44
Q

Why Vit C cannot be stored?

A

Bc Vit C in blood is not protein bound (water-soluble vitamins)

45
Q

Vit B1 (Thiamine) benefits

A

Help convert food into energy and aid cardiovasc syst and CNS

46
Q

Thiamine deficiency:

A

Beriberi

47
Q

Vit B3 other name

A

Niacin

48
Q

Vit B3 deficiency:

A

Pellagra

49
Q

Pellagra symptoms is

A

3Ds: Dermatitis, Diarrhea, Dementia

50
Q

Vit B9 other name

A

folate

51
Q

Folate is essential for

A

synthesis of DNA

52
Q

Folate deficiency

A

Affect Purine and pyrimidine synthesis (Nucleotide synthesis–> DNA)

53
Q

Folate deficiency

A

magaloblastic anemia

Fetal malformation

54
Q

Vit B12 will bind to

A

Intrinsic factor

55
Q

B12-IF complex is release into

A

the intestine

56
Q

COndition related to the unability to synthesize Intrinsic Factor (IF):

A

Pernicious anemia

57
Q

Vit K is necessary for:

A

the synthesis of thrombin (prothrombin precursor into prothrombin)

PHAR 300 (Kim) (19 decks)

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