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PHAR 300 (Kim) > Toxicology > Flashcards

Toxicology Flashcards

1
Q

Forensic medecine and toxicology is

A

cross between medecine and science that deals with criminal cases of poisoning. Death by poisoning vs by natural causes.

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2
Q

Ecotoxicity is

A

hebicides and various products put into environment

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3
Q

Daffodils is

A

plant contain toxins (Galanthamine and lycorine) & calcium oxalate

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4
Q

Galanthamine action

A

interferes with the action of acythylcholinesterase (to breakdown Ach)

Organophosphate

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5
Q

Amaryllis contain

A

taxine (toxic)

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6
Q

nightshade plant contain

A

deathly level of atropine

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7
Q

Ricin effect

A

disrupts protein synthesis (similar to diphteria toxin) –> death of cells

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8
Q

When things are discard into landfill it end up:

A

Soil
Air
Water

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9
Q

Smaller particles reach

A

distal alveoli (phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages <2um) or Absorbed in bloodstream if <100um

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10
Q

Toxicology is

A

study of adverse responses causes by chemical/physical agents

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11
Q

Acute toxicity is

A

agent that can cause death form eating one time

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12
Q

Chronic toxicity is

A

eating regularly over a long period of time with consequences

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13
Q

Example of acute and chronic toxicity:

A

Ethanol

Arsenic

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14
Q

When looking to a toxin, we evaluate:

A

Lethal margin of safety (LD1 compared to ED99)
Shape of the curve (slow rise vs dramatic rise)
Presence of threshold dose

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15
Q

NOAEL is

A

No effective observed level - the highest point at which there was no observed toxic or adverse effect

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16
Q

LOAEL is

A

Lowest point at which there was an observed toxic or adverse effect

17
Q

Cohort study is

A

Study of individuals with EXPOSURE to a chemical compare to another one without

2 types: Prospective and retrospective

18
Q

Case control study is

A

Study group with a problem and compare to others (compare if their is a difference in exposure)

19
Q

Cross-sectional study is

A

take data and comparing and correlating data on exposure and disease.

20
Q

Odd ratio is

A

ratio between the risk of disease in a case-control study for an exposed group to an unexposed group

21
Q

Standardized mortality ratio (SMR) is

A

relative risk of death comparing exposed to a non-exposed group.

22
Q

Relative risk (RR) is

A

ratio expressing the occurence of disease in an exposed population to an unexposed popuation (%)

23
Q

Factor that could invalidate a study:

A

Bias
Confounding (forget to include important aspect in the study)
Chance

24
Q

Types of bias:

A

Selection bias
Information bias
Recall bias

25
Q

Lead affects

A

Nervous system
Decrease function in vitamin D metabolism
Hemoglobin synthesis
Erythrocyte protoporphyrin (heme production inhibited or lack of iron)
Developmental toxicity (no hearing growth, brain development)

26
Q

Methylated mercury become methylated by

A

come from volcanoes/ rock and become methylated in the water and soil.

27
Q

Grasshopper effect is

A

air currents move volatile contaminants north every year.

28
Q

Organochlorines act one

example:

A

Voltage-gated sodium channel

DDT (insecticide)

29
Q

Why insect more vulnerable to organochlorines?

A

Because staying open longer than mammalian channels (insect die by convulsion)

30
Q

Lindane is

act one

A

Insecticide use in tx lice.

GABA

31
Q

Pyrethroids is

act one

A

insecticide

prolong opening of voltage-gated ion channels

32
Q

Organophosphates is

act on

A

category of insecticide
interferes with acetylcholinesterase at the cholinergic synapse (Blocking the action of the enzyme –> respiratory failure)

33
Q

Malathion

difference with others

A

insecticide from the category of organophosphate

can be metabolized by mammals (least toxic)

PHAR 300 (Kim) (19 decks)

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