Toxicology

Question 1

Forensic medecine and toxicology is

Answer 1

cross between medecine and science that deals with criminal cases of poisoning. Death by poisoning vs by natural causes.

Question 2

Ecotoxicity is

Answer 2

hebicides and various products put into environment

Question 3

Daffodils is

Answer 3

plant contain toxins (Galanthamine and lycorine) & calcium oxalate

Question 4

Galanthamine action

Answer 4

interferes with the action of acythylcholinesterase (to breakdown Ach)

Organophosphate

Question 5

Amaryllis contain

Answer 5

taxine (toxic)

Question 6

nightshade plant contain

Answer 6

deathly level of atropine

Question 7

Ricin effect

Answer 7

disrupts protein synthesis (similar to diphteria toxin) –> death of cells

Question 8

When things are discard into landfill it end up:

Answer 8

Soil
Air
Water

Question 9

Smaller particles reach

Answer 9

distal alveoli (phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages <2um) or Absorbed in bloodstream if <100um

Question 10

Toxicology is

Answer 10

study of adverse responses causes by chemical/physical agents

Question 11

Acute toxicity is

Answer 11

agent that can cause death form eating one time

Question 12

Chronic toxicity is

Answer 12

eating regularly over a long period of time with consequences

Question 13

Example of acute and chronic toxicity:

Answer 13

Ethanol

Arsenic

Question 14

When looking to a toxin, we evaluate:

Answer 14

Lethal margin of safety (LD1 compared to ED99)
Shape of the curve (slow rise vs dramatic rise)
Presence of threshold dose

Question 15

NOAEL is

Answer 15

No effective observed level - the highest point at which there was no observed toxic or adverse effect

Question 16

LOAEL is

Answer 16

Lowest point at which there was an observed toxic or adverse effect

Question 17

Cohort study is

Answer 17

Study of individuals with EXPOSURE to a chemical compare to another one without

2 types: Prospective and retrospective

Question 18

Case control study is

Answer 18

Study group with a problem and compare to others (compare if their is a difference in exposure)

Question 19

Cross-sectional study is

Answer 19

take data and comparing and correlating data on exposure and disease.

Question 20

Odd ratio is

Answer 20

ratio between the risk of disease in a case-control study for an exposed group to an unexposed group

Question 21

Standardized mortality ratio (SMR) is

Answer 21

relative risk of death comparing exposed to a non-exposed group.

Question 22

Relative risk (RR) is

Answer 22

ratio expressing the occurence of disease in an exposed population to an unexposed popuation (%)

Question 23

Factor that could invalidate a study:

Answer 23

Bias
Confounding (forget to include important aspect in the study)
Chance

Question 24

Types of bias:

Answer 24

Selection bias
Information bias
Recall bias

Question 25

Lead affects

Answer 25

Nervous system Decrease function in vitamin D metabolism Hemoglobin synthesis Erythrocyte protoporphyrin (heme production inhibited or lack of iron) Developmental toxicity (no hearing growth, brain development)

Question 26

Methylated mercury become methylated by

Answer 26

come from volcanoes/ rock and become methylated in the water and soil.

Question 27

Grasshopper effect is

Answer 27

air currents move volatile contaminants north every year.

Question 28

Organochlorines act one | example:

Answer 28

Voltage-gated sodium channel | DDT (insecticide)

Question 29

Why insect more vulnerable to organochlorines?

Answer 29

Because staying open longer than mammalian channels (insect die by convulsion)

Question 30

Lindane is | act one

Answer 30

Insecticide use in tx lice. | GABA

Question 31

Pyrethroids is | act one

Answer 31

insecticide | prolong opening of voltage-gated ion channels

Question 32

Organophosphates is | act on

Answer 32

category of insecticide interferes with acetylcholinesterase at the cholinergic synapse (Blocking the action of the enzyme --> respiratory failure)

Question 33

Malathion | difference with others

Answer 33

insecticide from the category of organophosphate | can be metabolized by mammals (least toxic)