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Fundamentals > Vitamins > Flashcards

Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

Water soluble vitamins (2)

A

Vitamin C

B vitamins

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2
Q

Fat soluble vitamins (4)

A

Vitamin D
Vitamin A
Vitamin K
Vitamin E

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3
Q

Vitamin definition (3)

A

Organic compounds required for maintenance of health
They cannot be synthesised in the body (must be provided in the diet)
They are required in very small amounts

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4
Q

Water soluble vitamin characteristics (6)

A 
Absorbed in blood
Freely transported 
Excreted readily in urine
Possible toxicity from supplements
Required in frequent doses
Mainly co enzymes for energy metabolism
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5
Q

Lipid soluble vitamin characteristics (6)

A 
Absorbed in lymph before entering blood
Often protein bound
Stored in cells associated with fat
Less readily excreted 
Toxicity is likely from supplements 
Requires periodic doses
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6
Q

Name b vitamins 1-6

A 
Thiamin
Riboflavin 
Niacin
Adenine
Pantothenic acid
B6- pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine
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7
Q

Name b vitamins 7 to 12

A 
Biotin
Adenosine mono phosphate 
Folate
PABA
PHGA
Cobalamin
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8
Q

Which b vitamin is non-essential and which AA is it derived from?

A

Niacin

Tryptophan

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9
Q

Similar features of the b vitamins (4)

A

Co factors in different enzyme systems
Found in the same foods
Water soluble so not stored in body for long
Frequently lost

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10
Q

What are b vitamins co enzymes involved in?(4)

A

Release of energy from foods
Metabolism regulation
Cell division of red blood cells
Cell division of GI tract

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11
Q

What are co enzymes (3)

A

Organic molecules required by certain enzymes to carry out catalysis
Bind to active site of enzyme
Often function as intermediate carriers of electrons or functional groups

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12
Q

Sources of thiamin (3)

A

Animal products
Wheat in bread (although must be fortied as it is lost in milling)
Germinating seeds

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13
Q

What is TTP involved in?(2)

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase entering TCA cycle

a-ketogluterate dehydrogenase (TCA cycle)

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14
Q

Effects of thiamin deficiency

A

Beri beri

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15
Q

Beri beri symptoms (4)

A

Fatigue
Loss appetite
Nervous system dysfunction
Heart failure

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16
Q

Sources of riboflavin (b2)

A

Animal products

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17
Q

What are riboflavin co enzymes (FMN/FAD) involved in?(2)

A

Oxidation reduction reactions including :

Electron transport
Fatty acid synthesis and oxidation

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18
Q

Name of riboflavin deficiency

A

Ariboflavinosis

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19
Q

Symptoms of ariboflavinosis (4)

A

Cracks around mouth
Blood shot eyes
Skin rash
Magnets tongue

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20
Q

Best source of niacin (B3)

A

Meats (also found in some cereals)

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21
Q

What is the issue with niacin from cereals (2)

A

Low bioavailability

Due to it being bound to compounds in cereal

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22
Q

How much tryptophan is needed to make a gram of niacin

A

60g

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23
Q

Functions of niacin (3)

A

Co enzymes forms of niacin (NAD/NADP) involved in hydrogen transfer in body
Also needed by more than 200 enzymes

Involved in carbs, lipid and protein metabolism

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24
Q

What type of reactions is NADH involved in?

What type is NADPH involved in?

A

Energy production reactions

Anabolic reactions

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25
Q

What is a consequence of tryptophan and niacin deficiency

A

Pellagra

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26
Q

85% of pantothenic acid in food is as _______

A

CoA

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27
Q

Key functions of CoA (3)

A

First step of TCA cycle
Beta oxidation of FAs
Fatty acid synthesis

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28
Q

PA deficiency symptoms (4)

A

Skin sensations - burning feet
Fatigue
Muscle weakness
Depression

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29
Q

What is folic acid?(3)

A

Synthetic form of folate
Used in dietary supplements
Absorbed better than folate

30
Q

Which type of foods are higher in folate

A

Raw

31
Q

2 forms of folate

A

Monoglutamte

Polyglutamate

32
Q

Which is the main form of folate in food?

A

Polyglutamate

33
Q

Roles of folate (4)

A

Amino acid metabolism
DNA synthesis
Cell division
Red blood cell formation

34
Q

Effects of folate deficiency (3)

A

Decreased metabolism of methionine which increase homocysteine
This is a risk factor for heart disease

35
Q

3 stages of folate deficiency

A

Low folate plasma due to low intake
Red blood cell folate diminishes (after 4 months)
Megaloblastic anaemia occurs

36
Q

Megaloblastic anaemia (5)

A

Release of large immature erythrocytes into blood
Large cells due to decreased DNA synthesis
Failure of cells to divide properly
Leads to excess Haemoglobin
However they are ineffective at delivering oxygen

37
Q

Benefits of folate supplementation during pregnancy

A

Decrease incidence of neural tube defect

38
Q

What is neural tube defect?

A

Opening in spinal cord or brain

39
Q

Sources of vitamin B12

A

Animal foods only

40
Q

What prevent vegans from becoming severely B12 deficient?

A

Bacterial contamination in food and water we consuming produces B12

41
Q

What can also cause B12 deficiency?

A

Lack of intrinsic factor in gastric juice

42
Q

What happens to B12 after use(3)

A

Returns to liver
Secreted in bile
Can be used again

43
Q

Roles of B12 (2)

A

Co enzyme involved in:

Folate methionine cycle
Synthesis of succinyl CoA

44
Q

Main cause of B12 deficiency

A

Inadequate absorption (not intake)

45
Q

B12 deficiency outcomes (3)

A

Megaloblastic anaemia
Demethylation of nerves
May induce folate deficiency (increasing homocysteine)

46
Q

Name the B6 vitamers

A

Pyridoxine - alcohol form
Pyridoxamine - amine form
Pyridoxal - aldehyde form

47
Q

Name the metabolically active form of vitamin B6

A

Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)

48
Q

Functions of B6 (2)

A

Co enzyme for glycogen phosphorylase

AA transamination reaction

49
Q

Secondary causes of B6 deficiency (4)

A

Malabsorption
Coeliac disease
Dialysis for renal failure
Chronic alcoholism

50
Q

Which b vitamin has higher storage than usual and why?

A

B12

Can be bound to a protein

51
Q

Which lipid soluble vitamin can be a co enzyme

A

Vitamin K

52
Q

What can affect b vitamins?(3)

A

Heat during cooking
Exposure to light
Exposure to air

53
Q

Ultimate role of co enzymes

A

Helps transfer functional groups from one compound to another

54
Q

Symptoms of pellagra - the 4 Ds

A

Dermatitis
Dementia
Diarrhoea
Death

55
Q

Vitamin B6 deficiency symptoms (4)

A

Inflammation of tongue
Lesions around lips and mouth
Peripheral neuropathy
Anaemia

56
Q

What is vitamin D3 known as?

A

Cholecalciferol

57
Q

What is vitamin D2 known as?

A

Ergocalciforel

58
Q

What is involved in vitamin A transport?(3)

A

Transthyretin
Lipoproteins
Retinol binding protein

59
Q

What enzyme in vitamin C synthesis is not produced by humans

A

L-gulono-gamma-lactose oxidase

60
Q

What proportion of vitamin E is excreted?

A

70%

61
Q

What kind of side chain does vitamin E contain?

A

Isoprenoid

62
Q

Retinol is _____ to retinyl palmitate

A

Esterified

63
Q

Retinoic acid is _______ to retinal

A

Reduced

64
Q

Retinol is _____ to retinal

A

Oxidised

65
Q

Which organ responses to a drop in phosphorus

A

Kidney

66
Q

What percentage of vitamin A is absorbed?

A

80

67
Q

What is 1, 25(OH)2 also know as?

A

Calcitrol

68
Q

What vitamin converts homocysteine to methionine?

A

B12

69
Q

What vitamin converts homocysteine to cystathionine and then to cysteine

A

B6

70
Q

Which vitamin is key for the synthesis of purines and pyrimidines?

A

Folate

Fundamentals (17 decks)

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