Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Fundamentals > Minerals > Flashcards

Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Define bioavailability

A

The degree to which the amount of an ingested mineral is absorbed and available to the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are factors altering mineral bioavailability?(4)

A

Deficiency of minerals
Chemical binding of mineral to other elements of diet
Excess of mineral
Presence of vitamins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Examples of mineral bioavailability altering (5)

A

Reduced storage will increase absorption of minerals from GI tract/kidney
Phytates in plants bind to minerals preventing absorption
Excess zinc decreases iron and copper absorption
Vitamin C presence increase zinc absorption
Vitamin D presence increases calcium absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which minerals maintain osmotic pressure?(3)

A

Sodium
Chloride
Potassium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Minerals involved in skeletal structure (3)

A

Magnesium
Phosphorus
Calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Minerals involved in acid base equilibrium (pH) (3)

A

Phosphorus
Calcium
Magnesium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a metalloprotein?

A

Protein bound to metal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Examples of metalloproteins (3)

A

Haemoglobin
Myoglobin
Cytochromes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Major role of metalloenzymes

A

Regulate biological processes within the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Examples of metalloenzymes (4)

A

Glutathione peroxidase
Carbonic anhydrase
Pyruvate carboxylase
Cerulolasmin ferroxidase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What can cause mineral deficiencies?(2)

A

Inadequate diet

Inability to digest mineral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define metabolic deficiencies

A

Inability of the body to digest minerals from sites in the body or from diet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the major source of sodium in foods?

A

Sodium chloride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the roles of sodium (4)

A

Nerve conduction
Nutrient absorption and transport
Maintenance of membrane potential
Regulation of osmotic and electrolyte balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the primary regulator of water intake

A

Thirst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance (11)

A

Decreased blood pressure/blood volume
Kidneys release renin into circulation
Stimulates angiotensin 1 then angiotensin 2
Causes vasoconstriction

Angiotensin 2 also causes aldosterone to be synthesised by adrenal glands 
Kidneys increase reabsorption of sodium 
Increases water retention
Increases blood volume 
Increases blood pressure

Low BP/BV increased ADH production from pituitary gland
Stimulates kidneys to increase water reabsorption
Increase BP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is hypnotremia?

A

Decreases sodium concentration in blood plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What causes hyponaetremia?(3)

A

Excessive hypotonic sweating
Prolonged vomiting or diarrhoea
Diuretics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is hypernatremia?

A

Increased sodium concentration in blood plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What causes hypernatremia?(3)

A

Excess fluid loss
Inadequate water intake
Renal failure causing excess sodium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Effects of excess sodium chloride?(5)

A 
Hypertension
Edema 
Stomach cancer
Osteoporosis - excess calcium excretion
Left ventricle hypertrophy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the average amount of iron in human body?(5)

A

2-4g

65% Haemoglobin
10% myoglobin
1-5% enzymes
Rest in blood and storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which oxidation states does iron exist in the human body?(2)

A

Fe2+ - ferrous, haem

Fe3+ ferric, non-haem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which type of foods contains some heam iron?(3)

A

Meat, poultry and fish (also has non haem, veggies + fruit exclusively have non haem)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Roles of iron (4)

A

Oxygen transport
Cofactor for enzymes
Energy production
Pro-oxidant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How much of body weight is accounted for by minerals

A

4%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Examples of specific roles of iron (4)

A

Cofactor for enzymes - succinate dehydrogenase in TCA cycle
Pro-oxidation - lipid peroxidation
Energy production - cytochrome contains haem which transports election through ETC
Oxygen transport - control to Haemoglobin structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Iron absorption (7)

A

Dietary non-haem (Fe3+) is reduced to Fe2+ for transport across the apical brush border
Uses divalent metal transport 1 (DMT1)
Dietary haem iron is transported across border by Haem Carrier Protein 1
Haem is released from a bigger dietary haem structure by haem oxygenase
Some iron stored in ferritin
Ferroportin exports some iron for it to be incorporated into serum transferrin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is a mineral?(3)

A

Building blocks of rocks
Inorganic nutrients
Present in the soil, rocks and water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Describe ferritin (3)

A

Iron storage protein found in all cells
Stores ferric iron (Fe3+)
Amount of ferritin directly reflects amount of iron in body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Describe transferrin (3)

A

Glycoprotein synthesised in the liver
Ferric iron is transported in blood bound to transferrin
Delivers iron to site of storage or utilisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What increases haem absorption (2)

A

Low iron status

Low haem iron intake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What increases non haem absorption (5)

A 
Depleted iron status
Pregnancy 
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
Meat, Fish, seafood 
Anaemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What decreases haem absorption (3)

A

High iron status
High haem iron intake
Calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What decreases non haem absorption (5)

A 
Replete iron status
Low gastric acid 
Phytates 
Iron-binding phenolic compounds 
Calcium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

3 stages of iron deficiency

A

Depletion of strange iron - decreases in serum ferritin
Decrease in transport iron
Decrease in iron for Haemoglobin for new blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Effects of iron deficiency (4)

A

Fatigue
Anaemia
Poor cognitive development in babies
Babies born with poor motor skills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Where is iodine found?(3)

A

Rocks
Seawater
Some soils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Good sources of iodine (2)

A

Seaweed

Seafish

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Iodine absorption (3)

A

Rapidly absorbed in the gut
Distributed throughout whole body
Excess excreted in urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

On average how much iodine is present in humans

A

20-30 mg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Roles of iodine (7)

A

Thyroid hormone synthesis in thyroid gland

Thyroid hormones regulates:
metabolic rate 
Thermogenesis 
Growth and development 
Blood cell production 
Nerve and muscle function 
Modulates gene expression by binding to receptors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Iodine deficiency (3)

A

Many people affected worldwide
Causes goitre - swelling in neck
Can cause mental retardation - lower IQ points

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is goitre (3)

A

Enlargement of thyroid glands
Causes by iodine deficiency - under 50 mg per day
Reversible with iodine treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is cretinism (4)

A

Due to iodine deficiency prior to birth
Neurological syndrome - mental retardation
Stunts growth
Irreversible

46
Q

What can affect iodine bioavailability

A

Goitrogens

47
Q

How do goitrogens affect bioavailability (4)

A

Reduce iodine metabolism by reducing iodine uptake
Reduce synthesis of thyroid hormone
Reduce release of hormone from gland

May compete with iodide for uptake by thyroid gland

48
Q

Examples of goitrogens (2)

A

Thiocyanates

Cyanogenic glycosides

49
Q

What causes iodine toxicity

A

Over 2g a day over a prolonged time

50
Q

Selenium food sources (5)

A 
Seafoods 
Organ meats
Cereals and grains
Dairies 
Brazil nuts
51
Q

Which selenium source is more bioavailable

A

Plant sources

52
Q

Differences in absorption of organic and inorganic selenium (4)

A

Organic - actively transported, more rapidly absorbed

Inorganic - passively absorbed, slower absorption

53
Q

Which proteins are selenium typically bound to in the blood (2)

A

VLDL

Albumin

54
Q

Food sources of calcium (3)

A

Dairies
Sardines with bones
Fortified products

55
Q

Factors that improve calcium absorption (3)

A

Vitamin D
Lactose containing foods ingested at the same time
Sugar alcohols

56
Q

Factors that inhibit calcium absorption (8)

A 
Fibre 
Phytates
Oxalates - found in spinach and squash
High sodium
High protein 
High caffeine
Soda - phosphoric acid
Tannin - in tea
57
Q

Roles of calcium (5)

A 
Bones and teeth
Neuronal transmission
Blood clotting 
Muscle contraction/relaxation 
Cofactor for enzymes
58
Q

Food sources of phosphorus

A

Same foods as calcium

59
Q

How does vitamin D regulate low calcium and phosphorus availability in the blood (3)

A

Stimulate increased absorption from GI tract
Increase retention at kidney
Withdrawal from bones to blood (resorption)

60
Q

How does PTH regulate calcium (4)

A

Increase bone resorption
Increase kidney reabsorption
Increase PO4 excretion
Increase calcium absorption from small intestine by synthesising calcitrol from kidney

61
Q

What is 1,25(OH)2D and its roles (5)

A

Metabolite of vitamin D produced in kidney increase blood calcium by promoting absorption of dietary calcium from GI tract
Increases calcium reabsorption
Increases release of calcium from bone

62
Q

Inadequate dietary calcium consequences (3)

A

Maintain blood calcium at expense of bones
Osteoporosis - low BMD
Osreomalcia - rickets in children

63
Q

What are minerals classified by?(2)

A

Requirement

Tissue amount

64
Q

What classes as a macro mineral (2)

A

Over 5g found in body

Over 100mg needed a day

65
Q

What classes as a micro mineral (2)

A

Under 5g in body

1-100 mg needed a day

66
Q

Trace mineral (2)

A

Trace amount found in body

Under 1mg needed a day

67
Q

What happens if their a high levels of trace mineral in the body?(2)

A

Become chemically reactive

Becomes toxic

68
Q

What is the most common mineral deficiency

A

Iron

69
Q

What vary mineral requirements?(5)

A 
Pregnancy
Lactation
Growth
Frequency activity
Gut parasites
70
Q

What causes hidden hunger (4)

A

Poor food security
Geographical location
Food processing
Metabolic deficieny

71
Q

How can geo location affect diet(2)

A

Soil content of mineral is variable

Problematic for those who are dependent on local food

72
Q

Why must iron be bound to protein

A

Free iron is toxic

73
Q

Examples of how food processing can lead to an improper diet (5)

A

For example increase salt content to make foods more palatable
Increased sodium results in increased secretion - loss of calcium

Food preparation can reduce minerals - peeling and boiling

Milling of grains to refine them

74
Q

Mechanisms to prevent iron toxicity (3)

A

Storage - bound to ferritin
Recycle iron to make new blood cells
Regulate amount of iron that is absorbed

75
Q

What greatly impacts selenium concentrations in food sources?

A

Selenium soil concentration - influences intake

76
Q

What is selenium converted to after being absorbed (2)

A

Selenophosphate then selenocysteine

77
Q

Selenium anti oxidant mechanism (5)

A

Vitamin E donates electron to stabilise free radical and protect cell membrane
Vitamin E becomes a radical
glutathione donates electron to vitamin E so it can be regenerated
This requires glutathione peroxidase which contain selenium
Glutathione is regenerated by vitamin C (absorbed acid)

78
Q

Consequences of selenium deficiency (3)

A

Kashin-beck disease
Osteoarthropathy
Keshan disease

79
Q

Selenium toxicity symptoms (3)

A

Skin lesions
Garlic breath
Brittle hair and nails

80
Q

Calcium regulation when calcium is high (3)

A

High plasma calcium stimulates an increase in calcitonin from thyroid
Inhibits bone resorption and calcium reabsorption
This decreases plasma calcium

81
Q

Calcium regulation when plasma levels are low (7)

A

Increase in PTH and vitamin D
Increases absorption, reabsorption, resorption and PO4 renal excretion
Thus increases plasma calcium levels

82
Q

What are DRVs determined to achieve for minerals (2)

A

Maintain a given circulating level/ tissue concentration

Absence of signs of deficiency disease

83
Q

What is the most abundant cation + and anion - in the body?

A

Sodium

Chloride

84
Q

Variable sources of iodine (3)

A

Plants
Cereals
Dairies

85
Q

What is iodine absorbed as?

A

Iodide

86
Q

What percentage of iodide is in the thyroid gland?

A

80%

87
Q

Metalloenzyme associated with iron and its function

A

Succinate dehydrogenase

TCA Cycle

88
Q

Metalloenzyme associated with copper and its functions

A

Ceruloplasmin ferroxidase

Iron utilisation
Copper transport

89
Q

Metalloenzyme associated with zinc and its function

A

Carbonic anhydrase

CO2 formation

90
Q

Metalloenzyme associated with manganese and its function

A

Pyruvate carboxylase

Pyruvate metabolism (TCA cycle)

91
Q

Example of macro minerals (6)

A 
Calcium
Phosphorus
Sodium
Potassium 
Chloride
Magnesium
92
Q

Examples of micro minerals (6)

A 
Iron
Zinc
Copper
Selenium
Iodine
Manganese
93
Q

Cereals with medium iron bioavailability

A

Corn flour

94
Q

Cereals with low iron bioavailability (3)

A

Maize
Wholemeal flour
Rice

95
Q

Fruits with low iron bioavailability (2)

A

Apples

Bananas

96
Q

Fruits with medium iron bioavailability

A

Pineapple

97
Q

Fruits with high iron bioavailability (2)

A

Orange

Lemon

98
Q

Vegetables with medium iron bioavailability (2)

A

Carrot

Potatoes

99
Q

Vegetables with low iron bioavailability (2)

A

Soya

Legumes

100
Q

Vegetables with high iron bioavailability (2)

A

Cabbage

Broccoli

101
Q

Nuts have ______ iron bioavailability

A

Low

102
Q

Animal products with low iron bioavailability (3)

A

Cheese
Cow milk
Eggs

103
Q

Animal products with high iron bioavailability (4)

A

Meat
Fish
Poultry
Breast milk

104
Q

Examples of ferrous (Fe2+) supplements (2)

A

Ferrous sulphate

Ferrous fumarate

105
Q

Iodine toxicity symptoms (6)

A 
Fever 
Burning sensations
Vomiting 
Diarrhoea 
Nausea 
Coma
106
Q

Rich sources of selenium (2)

A

Organ meats

Seafoods

107
Q

What percentage of selenium is absorbed in the small intestine?

A

50-80

108
Q

In which tissues have the highest iodine concentrations?(3)

A

Thyroid glands
Saliva glands
Gastric glands

109
Q

Food sources of thiocyanates (3)

A

Cabbage
Kale
Sprouts

110
Q

Food source cyanogenic glycosides

A

Cassava

Fundamentals (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions