Malnutrition Flashcards
Healthy eating must: (3)
Be sufficient in energy and essential nutrients
Not have excessive amounts of toxic compounds
Not lead to over nutrition and obesity
What is food intake affected by?(4)
Availability
Economic limitations
Custom and dietary prejudices
Palatability and ease of preparation
Malnutrition classification by BMI in adults (5)
> 20 normal 18.5 - 20 marginal malnutrition 17 - 18.49 mild malnutrition 16-16.9 moderate malnutrition Under 16 is severe
Symptoms of malnutrition in adults (7)
Fatigue Depression Frequently getting infections Taking a long time to recover from infections Delayed wound healing Poor concentration Difficulty keeping warm
Phases of starvation (4)
Post absorptive phase
Gluconeogenic phase
Period of adaptation
Adapted starvation
Post absorptive phase
No dietary energy substrates entering body
Gluconeogenic phase
Last until second or third day
Period of adaptation
Lasts up to 3 weeks
Adapted starvation
Last until re-feeding or death
Blood substrates during starvation (3)
Glucose gradually deceases
NEFAs increased
Ketones increase
Why is malnutrition more detrimental to children?(2)
More sensitive to deficient intake of energy and protein
Prolonged deficiency can permanently alter development
Classifications of malnutrition (3)
Weight for age (underweight)
Weight for height (wasting)
Height for age (stunting)
Weight for age
Classified according to the weight of the child relative to a normal child of the same age
Weight for height
Classified according to the weight of the child relative to a normal child of the same height
Height for age
Classified according to height relative to a normal child of the same age
Highest population of wasted children
Asia
Which type of countries have the highest child obesity prevalence?
Middle income
What percentage of death in young children are associated with malnutrition?
53
Infection-malnutrition cycle (4)
Inadequate diet
Weight loss/growth faltering/lowered immunity
Increased indecence, severity and duration of disease
Loss of appetite/malabsorption/increased nutritional requirements
Marasmus characteristics (6)
Infancy Severe deprivation of all nutrients Chronic protein energy malnutrition No oedema No fatty liver Good appetite possible
Kwashiorkor characteristics (5)
Older infants Inadequate protein intake Acute PEM Oedema Fatty liver Anorexia
Contributing factors to kwashiorkor (5)
Low protein intake Poor adaptation of protein and lipid metabolism to food deprivation Genetics Free radical damage to membranes Changes in gut biome
Define healthy eating
Consumption of food of sufficient quantity and quality to maintain good health
Overall causes of malnutrition can be(3):
Socioeconomic factors limiting food availability
Physical illness
Mental illness
Symptoms of kwashiorkor (4)
Oedema
Skin rash
Enlargement of liver due to fat accumulation (hepatomegaly)
Discoloured hair
Micronutrient deficienes
…
What is the issue with using weight for age to classify malnutrition?
Fails to differentiate between long standing failure to grow and acute weight loss
