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neuroendo exam 3 > Visual Tracts (Dennis) > Flashcards

Visual Tracts (Dennis) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the tunics/layers of the eye

A

Fibrous Layer

Vascular Layer

Retina

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2
Q

What layer of the eye touches the external layer

What does it consists of?

A

Fibrous layer

The sclera and cornea

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3
Q

What layer of the eye consists of the choroid, ciliary body and iris

A

Vascular layer

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4
Q

What is the inner sensory layer of the eye that gives rise to the optic nerve

A

Retina

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5
Q

What is the sclera

What is the tissue type

A

Fibrous, external layer of the eyeball that protects internal structures and provides sites for muscle insertion.

Dense regular CT, with flat bundles of type I collagen and microvascular near the outer surface

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6
Q

List the layers of the cornea

A
  1. Corneal epithelium
  2. Anterior limiting membrane (Bowman membrane)
  3. Stroma comprised of keratocytes
  4. Posterior limiting membrane (Descemet’s membrane)
  5. Inner endothelium
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7
Q

What is the transitional area where the transparent cornea merges with the opaque sclera and encircles the entirety of the cornea

A

Limbus

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8
Q

What are the layers of the retina and what are the cell types attributed to them

A
  1. Outer Pigmented layer: Simple cuboidal epithelium
  2. Inner Neural layer: Thick and stratified with various neurons and photoreceptors
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9
Q

Neural components of the retina extend anteriorly to where

A

Ora Serrata

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10
Q

What are the functions of the pigmented epithelium (PE)

A
  • Absorbs scattered light
  • Forms part of the blood-retina-barrier
  • Isomerizes all-trans-retinal to 11-cis-retinal and transfers back to photoreceptors
  • Phagocytosis & degeneration of waste from photoreceptors
  • Removes free radicals & secretes ATP, polypeptide growth factors & immunomodulatory factors
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11
Q

What are the layers of the Neural Retina from superficial to deep?

A
  1. Inner limiting membrane (ILM)
  2. Optic nerve fiber layer (NFL)
  3. Ganglionic layer (GL)
  4. Inner plexiform layer (IPL)
  5. Inner nuclear layer (INL)
  6. Outer plexiform layer (OPL)
  7. Outer nuclear layer (ONL)
  8. Outer limiting layer (OLL)
  9. Photoreceptors: Rod & cone layer (RCL)
  10. Pigmented layer (PL) - not actually part of NL

Mnemonic: In Our God IIs Ooour Pure Purpose

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12
Q

What are the function of the inner and outer segments of rods

A

Inner segment: contains glycogen, mitochondria and polyribosomes for the cell’s biosynthetic activity

Outer segment: Contacts the pigmented epithelium and contains flattened membranous discs that contain rhodopsin

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13
Q

Iodopsin

A

The visual pigment contained by cones

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14
Q

What is the Fovea Centralis

A

Area in retina with the highest concentration of cones, making it the area where visual acuity is sharpest. Absence of vessels, cell bodies and axons of ganglionic and inner nuclear layer

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15
Q

What is the Macula Lutea

A

Surrounds the fovea and protects cones. Has antioxidant properties and short wave UV filter.

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16
Q

Characteristics of the optic disc

A

Located at head of optic nerve where ganglion axons from all of the retina converge and dive. Lacks photoreceptors so it’s a blind spot

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17
Q

What is the optic nerve

A

Axons of retinal ganglion cells that become myelinated as they pass through the sclera and penetrate the chroroid as it travels to the brain.

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18
Q

What is the name for the areas that a person is able to see when both eyes are fixed in one position

A

Visual fields

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19
Q

Binocular zone

A

The broad central region seen by both eyes

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20
Q

What is the area seen only by one eye (R/L)

A

Monocular zone

21
Q

Retinal field

A

Location on the retina that an object in the visual field is projected

22
Q

What is the retinal field divided into

A

Retinal hemifields: nasal & temporal

quadrants: upper and lower

23
Q

The right half of the visual field forms an image upon what part of the retina?

A

Temporal (left) half of the left retina

Nasal (left) half of the right retina

24
Q

The left half of the visual field forms an image upon what part of the retina?

A

Nasal (right) half of the left retina

Temporal (right) half of the right retina

25
Q

In what direction do the nasal half of each retina move in the optic chiasm

A

Contralateral optic tract

26
Q

In what direction do the temporal halves of each retina move

A

Ipsilateral optic tract

27
Q

What fibers make up the optic tract

A

Fibers from temporal retina (ipsilateral eye) + fibers from nasal retina (contralateral eye)

28
Q

Where do fibers of the optic tract terminate

A

lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

29
Q

What are out going fibers from the lateral geniculate nucleus called?

A

Optic radiations

30
Q

What visual information is received by the right lateral geniculate

A

Left visual field images = Left nasal + Right temporal –> Right LGN

31
Q

What visual information is received by the left lateral geniculate

A

Right visual field images = Left temporal + right nasal –> Left LGN

32
Q

Where do optic radiation relay their information

A

Primary visual cortex

33
Q

Where is the primary visual cortex located

A

upper & lower banks of the calcarine sulcus

34
Q

Fibers in the upper retina contain information about what visual field

A

Lower visual field

35
Q

Fibers in the lower retina contain information about what visual field

A

Upper visual field

36
Q

What is the route of upper visual field information to the brain?

A

Upper visual field stimuli –> lower retina —> optic nerve –> optic tract —> lateral geniculate –> Meyer loop —> lingual gyrus (inferior bank of sulcus)

37
Q

What is the route of lower visual field information to the brain

A

lower visual field stimuli –> upper retina —> optic nerve –> optic tract —> lateral geniculate –> cuneus (superios bank of sulcus)

38
Q

What is the parieto-occipito-temporal area

A

The visual association cortex that helps interpret location, motion, form and color

39
Q

What structure is important in directing eye movement

A

Superior colliculus

40
Q

What structure is important in the pupillary light reflex

A

Pretectal/pretectum area

41
Q

Hemianopia/Hemianopsia

A

Blindness in one-half of the visual field

42
Q

Quadrantanopia

A

Blindness of a quadrant of the visual field

43
Q

Homonymous visual fields

A

Conditions in visual field losses are similar in both eyes

44
Q

Heteronymous visual fields

A

Conditions in which the two eyes have non-overlapping field losses

45
Q

Macular sparing

A

Visual field loss that preserves vision in the center of the visual field

46
Q

Damage anterior to the chiasm affects what

A

Only the ipsilateral eye

47
Q

Damage at the chiasm causes what kind of deficits

A

heteronymous deficits

48
Q

Damage behind the chiasm causes what kind of deficit

A

Homonymous deficits

49
Q

What is associative visual agnosia

A

Infraction of the left occipital lobe and posterior callosum, typically due to PCA damage, which leads to a disconnect between the language area and the visual association cortex. Patient may also be unable to read (alexic) and writing ability may be affected (agraphia)

Patient cannot name or describe an object in the visual field, but he can recognize and demonstrate its use

neuroendo exam 3 (16 decks)

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