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NeuroEndo Exam 3 > Learning and Memory (Karius) > Flashcards

Learning and Memory (Karius) Flashcards

1
Q

What is learning?

A

Acquisition of new information

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2
Q

What is memory?

A

Retention of new information

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3
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

Implicit or reflexive memory: skills/habit become automatic

Ex: riding a bike

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4
Q

Where are motor skills related to procedural memory stored?

A

Cerebellum

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5
Q

Where are non-motor skills related to procedural memory stored?

A

Nucleus Accumbens

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6
Q

What is declarative memory?

What is it divided into?

A

Explicit memory: conscious recognition or recollection of learned facts and experience

Episodic & semantic

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7
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

Type of declarative memory for events

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8
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

Type of declarative memory for words, language, and rules

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9
Q

How long does short term last?

A

Seconds to hours

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10
Q

How long does long term memory last?

A

Years

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11
Q

What is working memory?

A

Recalling a fact/memory for use

Ex: recalling info for a test

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12
Q

What is plasticity?

A

Brain’s ability to change and adapt as a result of experience. Can be by adding synapses or new branches to cells

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13
Q

What is post-tetanic stimulation?

A

Brief, high-frequency discharge of presynaptic neuron that results in NT release lasting 60 sec. Increases probability of AP in post-synaptic cell

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14
Q

What is long-term potentiation?

A

Series of changes in the pre and post synaptic neurons, leading to an increased response to the released NT. Lasts 30 minutes or more.

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15
Q

What is an example of long-term potentiation?

A

NMDA and non-NMDA cells

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16
Q

What changes in the neuronal structures can lead to plasticity?

A

Gain/loss of synapses

Structural changes in dendrites

Structural changes in the soma of neurons

17
Q

What transcription factor is associated with neuronal plasticity?

A

CREB

18
Q

How can CREB affect neuronal plasticity?

A

Can affect NT synthetic enzymes, receptors, and proteins required for growth/synapse formation

19
Q

What are the four steps of memory formation?

A
  1. Encoding
  2. Storage of information
  3. Consolidation
  4. Retrieval
20
Q

What is encoding?

A

Attending to new information and linking it to previous memory. Emotion plays a role

21
Q

Where is short term memory stored?

A

Hippocampus

Parahippocampal Cortex

Prefrontal Cortex

22
Q

What structure makes interconnections between neocortex and amygdala possible?

A

Nucleus basalis of Meynert - cholinergic projection that is a target for Alzheimer’s

23
Q

How is short term memory stored?

A

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

24
Q

What structures are required for consolidating short term memory to long term memory?

A

Hippocampus

Temporal lobes

Papez Circuit

25
Q

What is the Papez circuit?

A

Hypothalamus/Mammillary Bodies (physical response) –> Anterior Thalamus (sensory info) –> Cingulate Cortex (emotion) –> Hippocampus (short-term)

26
Q

What conditions are required for the Papez circuit?

A

LTP and neuronal plasticity

27
Q

Are aspects of a long-term memory stored at the same place?

A

No, stored in areas of cortex related to modality of individual components

28
Q

What anatomic structures are required for long term memory retrieval?

A

Neocortex

Parahippocampal regions

Hippocampus

29
Q

In retrieving/recalling memories, how is information recollected

A

Pieces of info –> parahippocampal regions –> hippocampus

–> parahippocampus –> cortex

30
Q

Where are the piece of a memory “reconstructed”

A

hippocampus

31
Q

What structure is important in prolonging the life of the cortical “trace” of the memory?

A

Parahippocampus

32
Q

What is the three component model of working memory?

A

Central Executive: gathering the facts I need

Phonological Loop: Gathering the words/rules I need

Visuospatial Loop: gathering the visual memories

33
Q

What brain regions are involed in the three-component model of working memory

A

Central Executive: prefrontal cortex

Phonological Loop: Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas

Visuospatial Loop: Occipital cortex associated with vision

34
Q

What are the steps to retrieval?

A
  1. Retrieve memory components from storage area
  2. Back to parahippocampal cortex
  3. Hippocampus to reconstruct memory
  4. Cortex via parahippocampal region
35
Q

What are place cells and where are they located

A

Cells that serve as an anchor for the reconstruction of memory and only activate at specific places

hippocampus

36
Q

What other inputs do spatial cells need to create a spatial memory?

A

Inputs from:

Head direction cell - entorhinal cortex

Grid cell

Border cell

NeuroEndo Exam 3 (16 decks)

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