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NeuroEndo Exam 3 > Physiology of Olfaction and Gustation (Pierce) > Flashcards

Physiology of Olfaction and Gustation (Pierce) Flashcards

1
Q

What is anosmia?

A

Loss of smell

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2
Q

What is aguesia?

A

Loss of taste

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3
Q

What tastants trigger the release of serotonin?

A

Sour and salty

Conventional calcium-triggered release

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4
Q

What tastants trigger the release of ATP?

A

Sweet, umami, and bitter

(SUB sandwiches give you energy)

Calcium triggered release of ATP

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5
Q

Cations trigger the release of _______

GPCRs trigger the release of _______

A
  1. Serotonin
  2. ATP
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6
Q

What stimutas sour tastant?

What does it recognize?

A

Hydrogen Ions

Presence of dietary acids (can be found in spoiled foods)

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7
Q

What stimulates salty tastant?

A

Na+ binding Epithelial sodium channels (ENaC)

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8
Q

What stimulates sweet tastant?

What can it recognize?

A

Sugars binding GPCRs

Presence of carbohydrates that serve as energy sourse

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9
Q

What stimulates umami tastant?

What does it recognize?

A

Glutamate binding mGluR4 (GPCR)

Food’s protein content due to presence of glutamate

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10
Q

What stimulates bitter tastant?

A

Various compounds binding GPCRs

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11
Q

What type of cells are olfactory cells and what NT does it release?

A

Bipolar Neurons that release glutamate

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12
Q

What type of receptors do olfactory cells bind to and what are they called.

A

GPCR’s

Golf receptors

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13
Q

What is activated by the G-olf GPCR pathway?

A

Adenylyl Cyclase which increases cAMP. cAMP activates cyclic-nucleotide gated channels (CNGC) that allow Na+/Ca2+ to enter the cell, depolarizing it.

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14
Q

What happens when CNGC channels are open?

A

Cation (Na+/Ca2+) influx, resulting in depolarization that opens up Ca2+/Cl- channels that provide remainder of depolarization needed to generate appropriate receptor potential to achieve action potential

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15
Q

What is the sensory transduction pathway in olfactory neurons

A
  1. Odorants diffuse into nasal mucus, binds receptor proteins on olfactory cilia, and activates olfactory cell
  2. Olfactory receptor proteins are GPCR’s called G olf
    receptors
  3. Uses second messenger transduction systems (cAMP) 4. This opens cyclic-nucleotide gated channels (CNGC): allowing Na+ and Ca2+ to influx into cell.
  4. Depolarization occurs.
  5. Ca2+-gated Cl- channels opens that provides remainder of depolarization needed to generate appropriate receptor potential to achieve action potential
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16
Q

What are the main ways that adaptation to odorant stimulation occurs?

A
  1. Enzymatic break down of cAMP reduces receptor potential
  2. Binding of calcium to calmodulin reduces the affinity for the channel to cAMP
  3. Phosphoryzation of the odorant receptor which modifies its sensitivity to odorants.
17
Q

Which tastant binds its GPCR with very high binding affinity?

A

Bitter (avoid poison)

18
Q

What happpens to gustatory and olfactory sensitivity with age?

A

Decreases

Why you can tolerate more salt and spices as you are older

19
Q

How is the analgesic effect of sweet-solutions explained

A

Sweet-tasted induced beta-endorphin release, activating the endogenous opiod system

20
Q

How is bitter taste in medicine blocked?

A

Sodium salts can suppress bitter taste at the level of the bitter-receptor

21
Q

At what level does sugar suppress the sense of bitterness

A

At the cognitive level

22
Q

Where do the afferent neurons (1st order) coming from the taste buds terminate?

A

Nucleus Tractus Solitarius (gustatory area)

Receives multiple sensory inputs

23
Q

In the ascending taste pathway, where do the 2nd order sensory neuron cell bodies arise?

Where do they terminate?

A

Arise from nucleus tractus solitarius

Terminate in ventral posterior medial (VPM) nucleus of thalamus

24
Q

What is the role of the ventral posterior medal nucleus of thalamus?

A

Relay station for taste perception. Begins discriminative aspects of taste

25
Q

Where do the 3rd order neurons of the ascending taste pathway arise?

Where do they terminate?

A

Arise from VPM and terminate in Gustatory Cortex

26
Q

What brain region does the gustatory cortex connect with to allow for the integration of visual, somatosensory, olfaction and gustatory stimuli

A

orbitofrontal cortex

27
Q

What role does the orbitofrontal cortex have in the taste pathway?

A

Interpretation of taste, olfaction, and visual cues regarding food

Appreciation of flavor, food reward, control of feeding

28
Q

Where do neurons that arise from the gustatory cortex send their axons

A

Amygdala

Orbitofrontal cortex

29
Q

What role does the amygdala play with taste?

A

Affective aspects of eating, emotional contex to eating & memories of eating

30
Q

What role does the hypothalamus play with eating

A

Integrates homeostatic mechanisms of eating (such as hunger)

31
Q

How do olfactory receptor neurons relay information to olfactory tract?

A
  1. Olfactory neurons synapse onto glomeruli cells and release glutamate
  2. Periglomerular cells (local interneurons) release GABA to increase specificity of signal
  3. Mitral and tufted cells will project to olfactory tract
  4. Granular cells (local interneurons) release GABA to increase specificity again
32
Q

What does the olfactory cortex consist of

A

Anterior Olfactory nucleus

Olfactory tubercle

Piriform cortex

Anterior cortical amygdaloid nuclei

Periamygdaloid cortex

Lateral enthorhinal cortex

33
Q

What is the anterior olfactory nucleus?

A

Relay station to ipsilateral and contralateral cortices

Poorly understood

34
Q

What is the function of the piriform cortex as it routes to the lateral hypothalamus

A

Control of appetite & hunger

35
Q

What is the function of the piriform cortex as it routes to the thalamus and then to the medial orbitofrontal cortex?

A

Integration of sight, smell, and taste of food

Appreciation of the flavor of food

36
Q

What is the function of the anterior cortical amygdaloid nuclei?

A

Emotional learning

Olfactory fear conditioning

37
Q

What is the function of the periamygdaloid cortex?

A

Integration of the emotional aspect of food as elicited by odor

More about response

38
Q

What is the function of the entorhinal cortex as it projects to the hippocampus?

A
  • Memory formation and how olfactory input facilitates both memory and recall
  • Connections within the limbic system and entorhinal cortex are responsible for the highly evocative experience of memory upon odor sensation.

NeuroEndo Exam 3 (16 decks)

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