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NeuroEndo Exam 3 > Introduction to Endocrine System (Creamer) > Flashcards

Introduction to Endocrine System (Creamer) Flashcards

1
Q

What is autocrine signaling?

A

Cell secretes a hormone or chemical messenger that binds to self receptors

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2
Q

What is paracrine signaling?

A

Cell produces a hormone or chemical messenger to induce changes in nearby cells

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3
Q

What is endocrine signaling?

A

A cell targets a distant cell through the bloodstream. A signaling molecule is released by one cell, then travels through the bloodstream to bind to receptors on a distant target cell elsewhere in the body.

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4
Q

What is neuroendocrine signaling?

A

Release of a hormone from a nerve cell, typically into the bloodstream, which will have an effect on a cell in the periphery.

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5
Q

What hormones are released from the hypothalamus?

A

TRH, CRH, GnRH, PIF, GHRH, Somatostasin, Oxytocin, ADH

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6
Q

What hormones are released from the anterior pituitary?

A

FSH/LH

ACTH

TSH

Prolactin

Endorphins

GH

FLAT PEG

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7
Q

What hormones are released from the posterior pituitary?

A

Oxytocin & ADH (Vasopressin)

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8
Q

What hormones are released from the thyroid?

A

T3, T4 &Calcitonin

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9
Q

What hormones are released from the parathyroid?

A

PTH

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10
Q

What hormones are released from the pancrease?

A

Insulin & Glucagon

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11
Q

What hormones are released from the adrenal medulla?

A

Norepinephrine & Epinephrine

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12
Q

What hormones are released from the kidney?

A

Renin & Calcitriol

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13
Q

What hormones are released from the adrenal cortex?

A

Cortisol

Aldosterone

Adrenal Androgens

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14
Q

What hormones are released from the testes?

A

Androgens (especially testosterone) & inhibin

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15
Q

What hormones are released from the ovaries?

A

Estradiol

Progesterone

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16
Q

What hormones are released from the corpus luteum?

A

Estradiol

Progesterone

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17
Q

What hormones are released from the placenta?

A

HCG

Estriol

Progesterone

hPL

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18
Q

What are the three general classes of hormones?

A

Protein/peptide

Steroid

Amines

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19
Q

Peptide hormones

  1. Synthesis
  2. Secretion
  3. Do they bind to circulating proteins
  4. Halflife & clearance
A
  1. Synthesized from preprohormone
  2. Stored in secretory vesicles in the cell of endocrine gland where they are released once gland is stimulated
  3. Very little
  4. Short half life & rapid metabolic clearance
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20
Q

Steroid hormones

  1. Synthesis
  2. Secretion
  3. Do they bind to circulating proteins
  4. Halflife & clearance
A
  1. Synthesized from cholesterol
  2. Lipid soluble so they diffuse through cell
  3. Yes
  4. > proteins, < amines & slower metabolic clearance rate
21
Q

What glands synthesize and secretes steroid hormones?

A

Adrenal Cortex

Gonads

Corpus Luteum

Placenta

22
Q

What are the two types of endocrine amines and what are they derived from?

A

Catecholamines & Thyroid hormones

Tyrosine

23
Q

Catecholamine hormones

  1. Synthesis
  2. Secretion
  3. Do they bind to circulating proteins
  4. Halflife & clearance
A
  1. Synthesized in cytosol
  2. Act through cell-membrane associated receptors
  3. Yes
  4. Longest half life and have very slow metabolic clearance rates
24
Q

Thyroid hormones

  1. Synthesis
  2. Secretion
  3. Do they bind to circulating proteins
  4. Halflife & clearance
A
  1. Synthesized and stored in thyroid gland
  2. Secrete through follicles and act through Nuclear receptors
  3. Yes
  4. Longest half life and slowest metabolic clearance rate
25
Q

If a hormone has a high protein binding rate, does it have a slow or fast metabolic clearing rate?

A

Slow (Long-acting)

26
Q

What is positive feedback?

A
  1. Positive feedback is a process in which the end products of an action cause more of that action to occur in a feedback loop. This amplifies the original action
27
Q

What is an example of positive feedback?

A

Ovulation

Labor Contractions

28
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

Occurs when high level of a particular hormone inhibits further secretion of that hormone, or where the result of a certain action may inhibit further performance of that action.

29
Q

What is an example of major endocrine axes?

A

Hypothalamus –> Anterior Pituitary —>Target Tissue

30
Q

What is the first tier of the endocrine axes?

A

Hypothalamus

31
Q

How is the first tier (hypothalamus) of the endocrine axes regulated

A

It is regulates at the level of neural input. Example is the Suprachiamatuc nucleus (SCN)

32
Q

What is the function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)?

A

Impose a circadian rhythm

33
Q

What is the function of the pineal gland?

A

Release melatonin which influences SCN on day/night cycle

34
Q

What is up-regulation?

A

Increase number of receptors or sensitivity of target tissue when hormone levels are low

35
Q

What are ways to cause up-regulation?

A

Increase synthesis of new receptors

Decrease the rate of degradation of existing receptors

Activate current receptors

36
Q

What is down-regulation?

A

Reducing number of receptors or sensitivity of target tissue when hormone levels are high

37
Q

What are ways to cause down-regulation?

A

Decrease receptor synthesis

Increase the rate of degradation of existing receptors

Deactivate current receptors

38
Q

What are the major mechanisms of hormone action on target cells

A
  1. Adenylyl cyclase
  2. Phospholipase C
  3. Steroid hormone
  4. Guanylyl cyclase
  5. Tyrosine kinase
39
Q

What is the Adenylyl cyclase mechanism

A

GPCR

1st messenger: hormone

Primary effector: adenylyl cyclase

2nd messenger: cAMP –> 5’ AMP

Secondary effector: Protein Kinase A

40
Q

What hormones use the adenylyl cyclase mechanism

A

ACTH

LH

FSH

TSH

41
Q

What is the Phospholipase C mechanism

A

GPCR

1st messenger: hormone

Primary effector: Phospholipase C

2nd messenger: IP3/DAG/Ca2+

Secondary effectpr: PKC or calmodulin

42
Q

What hormones use the Phospholipase C mechanism

A

GnRH, TRH & oxytocin

43
Q

How do steroid hormones work?

A

After steroid hormones bind to cytosol/nuclear receptors, the complex binds to DNA to activate certain genes to produce new protein (hormone).

44
Q

What hormones use the steroid hormone mechanism

A

Glucocorticoids

Estrogen

Progesterone

Testosterone

Aldosterone

Thyroid hormones

45
Q

What is the Guanylyl cyclase mechanism

A

Conversion of GTP to cGMP. cGMP activates cGMP kinase resulting in the relaxation of smooth muscles

46
Q

What hormones use the guanylyl cyclase mechanism

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Nitric Oxide (NO)

47
Q

What do the tyrosine kinase receptors do

A

When activated they phosphorylate downstream proteins

48
Q

What hormones use the Tyrosine kinases mechanism

A

Insulin

Growth hormone

Prolactin

NeuroEndo Exam 3 (16 decks)

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