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NeuroEndo Exam 3 > Hypothalamus and Limbic Systems (Dennis) > Flashcards

Hypothalamus and Limbic Systems (Dennis) Flashcards

1
Q

The hypothalamus is inferior to the _____, forms walls & floor
of _______. Anatomically, part of the ______, but
functionally, part of the ______.

A

Inferior to the thalamus, forms walls & floor
of 3rd ventricle. Anatomically, part of the diencephalon, but
functionally, part of the limbic system.

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2
Q

What does the Hypothalamus regulate

A
  • Basic drives (motivated, goal-directed behavior)
  • Emotional or affective behavior
  • Homeostasis
  • ANS
  • Has endocrine function

Food intake/body weight, fluid &
electrolyte balance, body temperature

  • Sexual & reproductive behavior*
  • Sleep–wake cycles/circadian rhythms*
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3
Q

What is the anterior (rostral) border of the hypothalamus?

A

Optic Chiasm

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4
Q

What is the posterior (caudal) border of the hypothalamus?

A

Midbrain (tegmentum/PAG)

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5
Q

What does the hypothalamus continue into?

A

Infundibular stalk and posterior pituitary

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6
Q

Are mammillary bodies found on the anterior or posterior part of the hypothalamus?

A

Posterior

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7
Q

What is the tuber cinereum?

A

Small swelling between optic chiasm and mammillary bodies & tract

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8
Q

What is the median eminence?

A

Arises from tuber cinereum and eventually becomes infundibulum, attached to pituitary gland

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9
Q

What divides the hypothalamus into functional medial and lateral zones

A

Fornix

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10
Q

Which hypothalamic zone contains scattered neurons which carry two-way traffic?

A

Lateral zone

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11
Q

Which of the hypothalamic zone contains the majority of hypothalamic nuclei?

A

Medial zone

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12
Q

What are the functional areas within the medial zone aof the hypothalamus?

A

Anterior area

Middle/Tuberal area

Posterior area

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13
Q

Where is the median forebrain bundle located

A

Lateral zone of the hypothalamus

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14
Q

Damage to what structure leads to a decrease in feeding behavior with a loss in weight

A

Median forebrain bundle

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15
Q

What are the nuclei located in the Anterior Area of the hypothalamus

A
  • Supraoptic/paraventricular nucleus
  • Suprachiasmatic nucleus
  • Anterior nucleus
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16
Q

Lesion to what nuclei can result in diabetes insipidus, increased water intake and increase in urination

A

Supraoptic/paraventricular nucleus

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17
Q

Lesion to what nuclei may modify or abolish circadian rhythms

A

Suprachiasmatic nucelus

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18
Q

What are the nuclei found in the Middle/Tuberal Area of the hypothalamus

A
  • Ventromedial nucleus
  • Dorsomedial nucleus
  • Arcuate nucleus
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19
Q

Lesion to what nuclei would cause excessibe eating and abnormal weight gain

A

Ventromedial nucleus

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20
Q

Lesion to what nuclei would result in decreased aggression and feeding

A

Dorsomedial nucleus

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21
Q

What nucleus is found in the Posterior Area of the hypothalamus

A

Medial mammillary nucleus

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22
Q

Lesion to what nuclei would reult in an inability to process short-term events to long term memory

A

Medial mammillary nucleus

23
Q

What is the limbic system

A

Bridge connecting endocrine, visceral, emotional and voluntary responses to the environment

24
Q

What constitutes the limbic system

A
  • Subcallosal Area
  • Cingulate gyrus
  • Parahippocampal gyrus
  • uncus
  • hippocampal formation
  • subcortical structures (hippocampus, amygdala and septal nuclei)
25
Q

What structures are the anatomical basis for emotional, drive-related and motivated aspects of behavior

A

Hypothalamus & limbic system

26
Q

What makes up the hippocampal formation aka Hippocampus

A

Subiculum

Hippocampus proper (ammon horn)

Dentate gyrus

27
Q

What is the hippocampal formation important for

A

Learning & memory

28
Q

What is the afferent pathway of the hippocampal formation

A

Dentate gyrus –> CA3 –> CA1 –> Subiculum

29
Q

What is the fferent pathway of the hippocampal formation

A

Fibers of the subiculum & hippocampus proper –> fimbria –> fornix

30
Q

Where does the fornix project information from the hippocampus, specific to learning & memory

A
  • Medial mammillary nucleus
  • Ventromedial nucleus (dorsal thalamus)
  • anterior nucleus (dorsal thamalmus)
  • Septal nuclei
  • Frontal cortex
  • Preoptic & anterior nuclei (hypothalamus)
  • nucleus accumbems
31
Q

What is an uncal herniation

A

Movement of the uncus and possibly the parahippocampal gyrus downward over the edge of the tentorium cerebelli leading to hemorrhagis lesion or tumor in the hemisphere

32
Q

What are signs of uncal herniation

A
  • Dilates pupil and abnormal eye movements (CN III) with double vision ipsilateral to the herniation
  • Weakness of the extremities oppsite to the dilated pupil
  • Respiration affected as it progresses, abnormal reflex appear & there is a potentially rapid decline
33
Q

What is the neuroanatomical basis of Korsakoff’s Syndrome

A

Progressive degernation of the mammillary bodies, hippocampal complex & dorsamedial thalamic nucelus

34
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Korsakoff’s Syndrome

A
  • Impedes the retention of newly acquired memory (short term memory does not become long term memory).
  • Difficulty in understanding written material and conducting meaningful conversations
  • Patient will confabulate, combine fragmented memories into a synthesized memory of an “event” that never occurred.
35
Q

What can cause Korsakoff’s Syndrome

A

Thiamine deficiency, typically associates with chronic alcoholism

36
Q

What is the neuroanatomical basis of hippocampal amnesia

A

Bilateral lesions of the hippocamp

37
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of hippocampal amnesia

A

Profound deficit in anterograde episodic memory (cannot learn new material), combined with spared procedural and working memory

38
Q

What is Anosmia

A

Loss of smell due to viral infetion of the olfactory mucosa, obstruction of the nasal passages or may be congenital

39
Q

What is the neuroanatomical basis for ansomia

A

Lesions due to shearing of CN1 or tumors in the floor of the anterior cranial fossa

40
Q

What is Phantosmia (olfactory hallucination)

A

Distortion in a smell experience or the perception of a smell when no odor is present

41
Q

What is the neuroanatomical basis of Phantosmia (olfactory hallucination)

A

Lesions of anterior/medial temporal lobe. Can also be a result of lesions to the hippocampus, amygdala or medial dorsal thalamic nuclei

42
Q

What are the anatomical connections bewteen the olfactory and limbic system

A

Hippocampus

amygdala

meial dorsal thalamic nuclei

43
Q

What is the role of the amygdala

A
  • Attaches emotional significance to a stimulus
  • Regulates visceral responses to emotional stimuli, including pain
  • Regulates emotional responses to food (pleasant smell stimulate appetite & unpleasent smells suppress appetite)
44
Q

Lesion to the amygdala results in what

A

Impared recognition of fear, anger & dsigust in facial expressions as well as vocal affect (fear, anger)

45
Q

What are the efferent pathways of the amygdala and what do they target

A

Stria Terminalis: Target hypothalamus, Ventral Striatum & Septal Nuclei

Amygdalofugal Pathway: Target hypothalamus, Ventral Striatum, Septal Nuclei & cerebral cortex, including the frontal, prefrontal, cingulate & inferior temporal cortical areas

46
Q

What is the neuroanatomical basis of Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

A

Bilateral temporal lobe lesions that abolish amygdaloid complex

47
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

A
  • Visual agnosia, inability to recognize an object by sight
  • Hyperorality, tendency to examine objects by mouth
  • Hypermetamorphosis, compulsion to intensively explore the immediate environment or overreact to visual stimuli
  • Placidity, may not show fear or anger even when such a reaction is appropriate
  • Hyperphagia, eating excessive amounts even when not hungry or when objects are not actually food
  • Hypersexuality, suggestive behavior and talk with vague or ill-conceived attempts at sexual contact
48
Q

Where is the ventral tegmental area located

A

In the midbrain, medial to the substantia nigra

49
Q

What is the role of the VTA & what neurons does it house

A

Important in reward and motivation, may contribute to addiction.

Houses doapminergic neurons

50
Q

What does the VTA makes connections with

A

Ventral Striatum

Amygdala

Other limbic structures

51
Q

What is the nucleus accumbens and where is it located

A

Important in behaviors related to addcition and chronic pain

Located in forebrain, near continuation of causate and putamen

52
Q

What is the Septal Nuclei and where is it located

A

Plays a role in reward/pleasure as well as control of rage.

Located rostral to anterior commissure

53
Q

What is the Papez circuit

A

The neuroanatomical basis for emotional attachments to memory and emotional experiences which involve reciprocal interactions between the diencephalon and cerebral cortex

NeuroEndo Exam 3 (16 decks)

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