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NeuroEndo Exam 3 > Neurophysiology of Higher Cognition (Karius) > Flashcards

Neurophysiology of Higher Cognition (Karius) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of cognition

A

Language

Social cognition

Decision making

Executive functioning

  • Forward planning
  • Anticipation
  • Reasoning

Memory

Visuospatial perception

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2
Q

Cognition requires extensive synaptic interactions between what type of cells?

A

Pyramidal cells of all neocrotical association areas

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3
Q

What is the systems that leads to spoken language

A

Language conceptual system –> language mediational system –> language implementation system –> spoken language

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4
Q

What structures are utilized in the language implementation system (final common pathway) for speaking?

A

Wernicke’s Area

Arcuate fasciculus

Broca’s Area

Facial area of the motor cortex

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5
Q

What structures compose the mediational system for language?

A

Temporal, parietal and frontal association areas

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6
Q

What is the function of the conceptional system for language?

A

Provides concepts of what you are trying to communicate

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7
Q

By what age can babies recognize all sounds that might be language?

A

6 months

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8
Q

When learning a second language after the language acquisition phase, what region is activated?

A

Area adjacent to Broca’s area

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9
Q

What is social cognition an important factor of?

A

Ability to function in interpersonal and social situations

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10
Q

What are the two components of social cognition?

A

Emotion Comprehension (recognition)

Theory of Mind

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11
Q

What observable information can you use to infer the emotional state of another person?

A

Prosody (speech)

Facial Expression

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12
Q

What part of the brain identifies faces and facial expressions?

A

Superior Temporal Sulcus

Fusiform gyrus

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13
Q

What parts of the brain adds in the emotional component when identifying facial expressions?

A

Amygdala (main)

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14
Q

What main part of the face is used to identify another person’s facial expression?

A

Eyes, Nose & Mouth (The triangle)

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15
Q

What system is possibly activated when looking at someone else’s face?

A

Mirror Neuron System

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16
Q

What structure controls the use of they eye and directs the gaze to the triangle that allows for emotional detection?

A

Amygdala

17
Q

What input does the mirror neuron system need to imitate motions?

A

Visual input from the posterior sector of the superior temporal sulcus

18
Q

What does the posterior mirror neuron system do?

A

Identifies motor action of observed individual (e.g are they smiling, kicking a ball, etc)

19
Q

What does the anterior mirror neuron system do?

A

Identifies goal of motor action in observed individual (e.g why are they smiling, why kicking a ball, etc)

20
Q

The circuit for imitating is believed to interact with limbic structures via ____.

A

insula

21
Q

What is prosody?

A

Study of tune and rhythm of speech and how these features contribute to meaning

22
Q

What brain region is required for the basics of sound processing, including identity of pitch, loudness, and other characteristics

A

Primary auditory cortex

23
Q

What brain region pieces together the meaning of pitch, loudness, and other characteristics (Ex: mom calling for you for dinner vs something bad)

A

Right posterior superior temporal sulcus

24
Q

Where is judgment of emotional stimulus determined (Ex: is observed individual angry, mad, happy, sad, etc)

A

Frontal cortex

25
Q

What are the steps of perception of prosody

A
  1. Primary Auditory cortex - Identifies pitch, loudness, and other characteristics of sound (hear mother calling name)
  2. Right posterior superior temporal sulcus - pieces together the meaning of loudness, pitch, etc. of volcalization (assumption of why she called name)
  3. Frontal Cortex - judges the emotional stimulus (determine why she called name)
26
Q

What is the theory of mind?

A

Ability to understand the mental state of others (Why is that person thinking the way he/she is?) and to appreciate how these differ from our own

27
Q

What structures are required for the theory of mind?

A
  1. Amygdala
  2. Medial Temporal Lobes (memory and sensory processing)
  3. Orbitofrontal regions (sensory and emotional processing)
  4. Accessory pathways
28
Q

What are the functions of accessory pathways in the theory of mind?

A

Language: In young children, can be a scaffold for linguistic cues.

Executive Functioning

29
Q

A decision in which the risks are known relies most heavily on what system

A

Stimulus Encoding system

30
Q

A decision in which the risks are unknown rely most heavily on what system?

A

Expected reward system then switches to the Action selection system

31
Q

What type of decision is the stimulus encoding system involved with?

A

Decision with known risks

Evaluates evidence available to make a decision and predicts the consequences of actions.

32
Q

What structures are involved in the stimulus encoding system for decision making?

A

Orbitofrontal cortex

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex

striatum

33
Q

What type of decision is the Action selection system involved with?

A

Decisions with ambiguous risk

learns from mistakes, encodes results

34
Q

What structure is involved in the action selection system for decision making?

A

Anterior Cingulate Cortex

35
Q

What type of decision is the expected reward system involved with?

A

Decisions with ambiguous risk

Predicts expected reward

36
Q

What structure is involved in the expected rewards system for decision making?

A

Amygdala

Basal Ganglia

Insular Cortex - processing of social emotions

Intraparietal Cortex - somatosensory processing of planning/intent

37
Q

A decision in which the risks are explicit (known) relies most heavily on what

A

Stimulus Encoding System

38
Q

Decisions in which the risks are unknown rely most heavily on what system

A

Expected reward system and eventually the Action Selection System

NeuroEndo Exam 3 (16 decks)

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