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NeuroEndo Exam 3 > Hypothalamic-Pituitary Relationships and Biofeedback Part 1 (Creamer) > Flashcards

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Relationships and Biofeedback Part 1 (Creamer) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the physical connection between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland?

A

Hypophysial stalk

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2
Q

If there are tumors in the pituitary area, what symptoms can it cause?

A

Due to its proximity, the pituitary gland can put pressure to the optic nerves and can cause visual problems and dizziness.

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3
Q

What are the nucleus in the hypothalamus that send axons to the posterior pituitary

A

Supraoptic nucleus (SON)

Paraventricular nucleus (PVN)

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4
Q

What do the paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus produce and secrete to the hypothalamus?

A

Oxytocin & ADH (Vasopressin)

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5
Q

What does the anterior pituitary secrete (6 tropic hormones)?

A

ACTH

TSH

FSH

LH

GH

Prolactin

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6
Q

How is the anterior pituitary connected to the hypothalamus

A

Hypothalamic-hypohysial portal blood vessels

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7
Q

The connections between the hypothalamus and posterior lobe are ____?

A

neural

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8
Q

The connections between the hypothalamus and anterior lobe are ____?

A

neural and hormonal

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9
Q

What hormone is a negative inhibitor of growth hormone?

A

Somatostatin (GHIH)

IGF-1

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10
Q

What is a primary endocrine disorder?

A

Defect in peripheral endocrine gland that can cause low or high levels of hormones

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11
Q

What is a secondary endocrine disorder?

A

Defect in pituitary gland that can cause low or high levels of hormones

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12
Q

What is a tertiary endocrine disorder?

A

Defect in hypothalamus that can cause low or high levels of hormones

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13
Q

In the HPG axis, what is the major hypothalamic hormone

A

GnRH

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14
Q

In the HPG axis, what is major pituitary hormone?

A

FSH and LH

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15
Q

In the HPG axis, what is the peripheral target organ for males?

A

Testes

LH targets Leydig cells

FSH targets Sertoli cells

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16
Q

How is the HPG axis in males controlled?

A

Testosterone from Leydig cells inhibits GnRH and LH

Inhibin from the Sertoli cells inhibits FSH

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17
Q

In the HPG axis, what is the peripheral target organ for females?

A

Ovaries

LH targets Theca cells

FSH targets Granulosa cells

18
Q

How is the HPG axis in females controlled?

A

Progestins and estrogen from granulosa cells inhibit GnRH, LH & FSH.

Also, inhibin from granulosa cells inhibits FSH & LH during ovulation.

19
Q

What happens if GnRH release is inhibited?

A

Reduce production of gametes and affect fertility

20
Q

What causes acromegaly?

A

Prolonged and excessive secretion of growth hormone in adult life

21
Q

What are symptoms of acromegaly?

A

Large hands, feet, and head

Prominent lower jaw

Cardiomegaly

Organomegaly

Hypertension

22
Q

What regulates the release of growth hormone

A

Growth hormone release hormone (GHRH) & Growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH) = somatostain. Both released from hypothalmus

23
Q

What is another name for GH

A

Somatotropin

24
Q

Explain the direct and indirect targets of GH

A

Direct: Targets bone and muscle

Indirect: Targets liver which then secrets IGF-1 which can target almost every cell type in body (PRIMARY METHOD)

25
Q

What can stimulate release of growth hormone?

A

Fasting/hunger/starvation

Hypoglycemia

Puberty

Exercise

Sleep

Stress

26
Q

What does growth hormone induce?

A

Growth

Cell Reproduction

Metabolism

27
Q

How does the liver induce a negative feedback on the hypothalamus and pituitary gland?

A

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) inhibits GHRH (hypothalamus) & GH (AP) but stimulates GHIH

28
Q

If there is an excess of growth hormone noticed before the closure of the bone epiphyses due to IGF-1, what do you expect to see?

A

Gigantism

29
Q

If there is an excess of growth hormone noticed after the closure of the bone epiphyses, what do you expect to see?

A

Acromegaly

30
Q

What happens when an individual has adequate carbohydrate and protein intake?

A

IGF-1 is produced leading to mitogenesis, lipolysis, and differentiation

31
Q

What happens when an individual has adequate carbohydrate intake but not enough protein intake?

A

GH production is inhibited due to inadequate amino acid availability so liver will not produce IGF-1 leading to lipogenesis and carbohydrate storage (weight gain)

32
Q

What happens when an individual has adequate protein intake but not enough carbohydrate intake?

A

Increased GH levels so liver will produce IGF-1 leading to lipolysis, ketogenic metabolism and diabetogenic effects

Shift in metabolism, by usig lipids as an energy source

33
Q

How does GH promote insulin insensitivity

A

A shift in using lipids as an energy source leads to a decrease in glucose uptake by cells.

34
Q

What are the metabolic functions of growth hormone?

A
  • Diabetogenic effect: increase of blood glucose and insulin levels
  • Increase in protein synthesis and organ growth
  • Increase in linear growth: stimulates DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis
35
Q

During which parts of the day does GH secretion peak?

A

Exercise

Beginning of sleep

36
Q

Why do we give an oral glucose tolerance test to someone suspected to have acromegaly?

A

Glucose typically shuts down secretion of GH. We can give glucose to patients suspected of acromegaly to see if blood GH levels will decrease. If they don’t decrease, patient might have acromegaly.

37
Q

Why do we look at IGF-I levels when suspecting a diagnosis of acromegaly?

A

IGF-1 levels remain constant during the day while GH levels fluctuate.

38
Q

How does the regulation of prolactin secretion differ from the other AP hormones

A

Prolactin is regulated through negative inhibition by dopamine.

Dopamine suppresses it’s release

39
Q

What is the negative feedback activity of prolactin

A

Inhibits GnRH (LH and FSH) release which decrease reproductive function and suppresses sexual drive (This is a good thing right after a pregnancy)

40
Q

What is the main inhibitor of prolactin secretion?

A

Dopamine

41
Q

Describe the production and release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary

A
  1. Produced in the hypothalamus as prepro-oxyphysin
  2. Cleaved and transported to posterior pituitary in vesicles where it is stored in it’s active form
  3. Released as oxytocin
42
Q

What are the actions of oxytocin?

A

Milk ejection

Uterine contractions (postitive feedback)

NeuroEndo Exam 3 (16 decks)

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