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NeuroEndo Exam 3 > Clinical Notes > Flashcards

Clinical Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Lesion to what nuclei can result in diabetes insipidus, increased water intake and increase in urination

A

Supraoptic/paraventricular nucleus

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2
Q

Lesion to what nuclei may modify or abolish circadian rhythms

A

Suprachiasmatic nucelus

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3
Q

Lesion to what nuclei would result in decreased aggression and feeding

A

Dorsomedial nucleus

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4
Q

Lesion to what nuclei would cause excessibe eating and abnormal weight gain

A

Ventromedial nucleus

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5
Q

Lesion to what nuclei would reult in an inability to process short-term events to long term memory

A

Medial mammillary nucleus

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6
Q

Lesion to what nuclei would reult in an inability to process short-term events to long term memory

A

Medial mammillary nucleus

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7
Q

What is an uncal herniation

A

Movement of the uncus and possibly the parahippocampal gyrus downward over the edge of the tentorium cerebelli leading to hemorrhagis lesion or tumor in the hemisphere

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8
Q

What are signs of uncal herniation

A
  • Dilates pupil and abnormal eye movements (CN III) with double vision ipsilateral to the herniation
  • Weakness of the extremities oppsite to the dilated pupil
  • Respiration affected as it progresses, abnormal reflex appear & there is a potentially rapid decline
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9
Q

What is the neuroanatomical basis of Korsakoff’s Syndrome

A

Progressive degernation of the mammillary bodies, hippocampal complex & dorsamedial thalamic nucelus

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10
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Korsakoff’s Syndrome

A
  • Impedes the retention of newly acquired memory (short term memory does not become long term memory).
  • Difficulty in understanding written material and conducting meaningful conversations
  • Patient will confabulate, combine fragmented memories into a synthesized memory of an “event” that never occurred.
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11
Q

What can cause Korsakoff’s Syndrome

A

Thiamine deficiency, typically associates with chronic alcoholism

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12
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of hippocampal amnesia

A

Profound deficit in anterograde episodic memory (cannot learn new material), combined with spared procedural and working memory

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13
Q

What is Anosmia

A

Loss of smell due to viral infetion of the olfactory mucosa, obstruction of the nasal passages or may be congenital

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14
Q

What is the neuroanatomical basis for ansomia

A

Lesions due to shearing of CN1 or tumors in the floor of the anterior cranial fossa

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15
Q

What is Phantosmia (olfactory hallucination)

A

Distortion in a smell experience or the perception of a smell when no odor is present

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16
Q

What is the neuroanatomical basis of Phantosmia (olfactory hallucination)

A

Lesions of anterior/medial temporal lobe. Can also be a result of lesions to the hippocampus, amygdala or medial dorsal thalamic nuclei

17
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

A
  • Visual agnosia, inability to recognize an object by sight
  • Hyperorality, tendency to examine objects by mouth
  • Hypermetamorphosis, compulsion to intensively explore the immediate environment or overreact to visual stimuli
  • Placidity, may not show fear or anger even when such a reaction is appropriate
  • Hyperphagia, eating excessive amounts even when not hungry or when objects are not actually food
  • Hypersexuality, suggestive behavior and talk with vague or ill-conceived attempts at sexual contact
18
Q

Lesion to the amygdala results in what

A

Impared recognition of fear, anger & dsigust in facial expressions as well as vocal affect (fear, anger)

19
Q

Lesion to the amygdala results in what

A

Impared recognition of fear, anger & dsigust in facial expressions as well as vocal affect (fear, anger)

20
Q

What is Grave’s Disease and its sypmtoms?

How does it occur?

A
  • Abnormal antibodies stimulate TSH receptors, increasing secretion of T3 and T4 from thyroid
  • Symptoms:
    • Elevated metabolism
    • Sweating
    • Rapid HR
    • Weight Loss
    • Eyeballs may protrude
  • More common in women
22
Q

What can cause a goiter?

A
  • Thyroid enlargement due to iodine deficiency
  • Follicular cells keep making thyroglobulin but cannot iodinize it to make T3 or T4
23
Q

How does ​hypothyroidism occur?

What is its symptoms?

A
  • Insufficient T3 and T4 production most likely due to an autoimmune disease
  • Symptoms:
    • Low metabolic rate
    • Weight gain
    • Lethargy
    • Chilliness
    • Edema
    • Mental sluggishness
24
Q

Addison’s Disease

What causes it?

What are its symptoms?

A
  • Hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids
    • Blood glucose and sodium levels drop
  • Causes: autoimmune disease or inherited metabolic disease leading to enzyme deficiencies
  • Symptoms
    • Hypotension
    • severe dehyration
    • Fatigue
    • Loss of appetite
25
Q

Cushing’s Syndrome

What causes it?

What are its symptoms?

A
  • Hypersecretion of glucocorticoids
  • Causes:
    • ACTH secreting tumor in pituitary gland
    • Tumor in adrenal cortex
  • Symptoms:
    • High serum glucose levels
    • Protein loss in muscle
    • Muscle weakness
    • Lethargy
    • Swollen Face
    • Fat redistribution
    • Depression of immune responses
26
Q

What causes acromegaly?

A

Prolonged and excessive secretion of growth hormone in adult life

27
Q

If there is an excess of growth hormone noticed before the closure of the bone epiphyses due to IGF-1, what do you expect to see?

A

Gigantism

28
Q

If there is an excess of growth hormone noticed after the closure of the bone epiphyses, what do you expect to see?

A

Acromegaly

29
Q

If there are tumors in the pituitary area, what symptoms can it cause?

A

Due to its proximity, the pituitary gland can put pressure to the optic nerves and can cause visual problems and dizziness.

30
Q

Vitamin A deficiency

A

The most important nutritional disorder with respect to the cornea & increases the likelihood of dying from infections

31
Q

What are some disorders associated with Vitamin A

A

Night blindness

Visual impairment

Xerophthalmia (dry eye syndrome)

Bitot’s spots (due to keratin debris in conjunctiva)

growth impediment

failure of wounds to heal well

dry skin

alopecia

lung conditions: bronchitis & pnemonia

32
Q

What are the effects of kids exposed to Isotretinoin/Accutane (Vitamin A derivative) in the womb

A

Cleft palates & heart abnormalities

33
Q

What causes Retinitis Pigmentosa

A

LRAT & RPE65 dysfunction causing an oxidative and inflammatory change in retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) due to a combination of environmental factors and genetic predisposition which can lead to an accumulation of retinoid metabolities and induce photoreceptor degeneration

34
Q

What are the effects of Retinitis Pigmentosa

A

Decreased night vision & peripheral vision

35
Q

Mutations in what protein are known to cause macular degeneration and related disorders associated with severe central vision loss

A

ABC transporters

36
Q

Degeneration of the macula in the retina results in what

A

Loss of central field vision

37
Q

What are some risk factors for Macular degeneration

A

Advance age, especially over 70

History of smoking with past 20 years

Dietary factors

Obesity

Caucasian

NeuroEndo Exam 3 (16 decks)

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