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Neuro Unit 4 > Visual System III > Flashcards

Visual System III Flashcards

1
Q

Visual Field

A

what is visible when the eyes are fixed on an object in direct line of vision

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2
Q

Visual field shape

A

oblong (due to bony obstructions), overlapping (binocular), with a monocular segment at the periphery

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3
Q

Fixation point

A

center of vision looking straight ahead, image on fovea

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4
Q

Vertical line through fixation point

A

gives nasal and temporal halves

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5
Q

Horizontal line through fixation point

A

gives upper and lower quadrants

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6
Q

Retinal field

A

nasal/temporal, upper/lower divisions but inverse to visual field

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7
Q

Retinal vs visual field

A

complete inverse relationship

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8
Q

Structures passed as light enters eye

A

cornea, anterior compartment, lens, vitreous body, retinal layers

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9
Q

Optic nerve maintains retinotopy

A

fibers remain organized according to where they originate in the retina

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10
Q

Optic chiasm

A

partial decussation, images from temporal visual fields cross over, so that the entire left field of vision is projected to the right side of the brain and vice versa

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11
Q

Which visual field crosses over at the optic chiasm

A

Temporal

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12
Q

Optic nerve contains information from

A

one eye

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13
Q

Optic tract contains information from

A

L or R visual field

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14
Q

Optic chiasm contains information from

A

temporal visual fields

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15
Q

Once projected to the LGN

A

topographic order is maintained in layers 1-6

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16
Q

Layer 2, 3, 5 of LGN contain

A

fibers from the UNCROSSED IPSILATERAL eye

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17
Q

Layer 1, 4, and 6 of LGN contain

A

fibers from CROSSED CONYTRALATERAL eye

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18
Q

Layers 1 and 2 receive information about

A

light and motion

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19
Q

Layers 3 and 6 receive information about

A

spatial discrimination and color

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20
Q

Magnocellular division

A

Layers 1, 2 motion and light information

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21
Q

Parvocellular division

A

Layers 3, 6 spatial discrimination and color

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22
Q

Geniculocalcarine tract

A

axons radiate from LGN to the visual cortex

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23
Q

Temporal loop of the Geniculocalcarine tract

A

UPPER visual field, loop downward from the LGN to the TEMPORAL lobe, to the VENTRAL portion of the optic radiations

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24
Q

Parietal Loop of the Geniculocalcarine tract

A

LOWER visual field, straight A-P projection through the PARIETAL lobe, to the DORSAL portion of the optic radiations

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25
Q

FIbers intermediate between Parietal and Temporal projections in the optic radiation carry info from

A

the macula lutea

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26
Q

Primary Visual cortex is Brodman’s area

A

17

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27
Q

LGN axons terminate on what layer of the primary visual cortex

A

Layer 4

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28
Q

Line of Gennari

A

the white line seen as almost ALL axons from the LGN synapse on Layer 4 of the primary visual cortex

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29
Q

Within the primary visual cortex LGN from upper visual fields synapse

A

inferior to the calcarine sulci

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30
Q

Within the primary visual cortex LGN from lower visual fields synapse

A

superior to the calcarine sulci

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31
Q

Within the primary visual cortex LGN from macula synapse

A

caudally

32
Q

Within the primary visual cortex LGN from the periphery synapse

A

anteriorly

33
Q

Which area is disproportionately large in representation

A

Fovea at the caudal pole of the occipital lobe

34
Q

Hypercolumn function

A

portion of the cortex for processing information

35
Q

Hypercolumn structure

A

2 ocular dominance columns, and 2 orientation columns, 2 blobs = hypercolumn

36
Q

Ocular dominance column

A

processing form and motion of one eye

37
Q

Orientation column

A

processes a BAR of light in a particular orientation (360 in 10 increments)

38
Q

Blobs

A

Layers 2-3, process color

39
Q

Primary visual cortex of the left hemisphere receives info from

A

the right visual field of both eyes

40
Q

ON- and OFF-center circular receptive fields

A

ganglion cells AND LGN neurons

41
Q

Rectangular receptive fields

A

Primary visual cortex

42
Q

WHat is required for stimulation of a rectangular receptive field?

A

3 adjacent on-center LGN neurons line up on receptive field recognized by the orientation column

43
Q

Almost ALL LGN fibers synapse on

A

Layer 4 of primary visual cortex

44
Q

Parvocellular division LGN fibers CAN synapse on

A

Layers 2-3 in BLOBS for color processing

45
Q

Activation of an orientational column stimulates

A

horizontal connections are made with orientation columns of the same axis

46
Q

Visual input from all the functional columns results in

A

analysis of the topographic nature of the visual inputs

47
Q

Visual Association Cortex function

A

assigns meaning to the image

48
Q

Visual Association Cortex location

A

Brodman’s 18-19

49
Q

Magnocellular projections from the LGN project to

A

Layer 4

50
Q

Parvocellular projections from the LGN project to

A

Layer 4 OR BLOBS in Layer 2-3

51
Q

From layer 4, neurons can project to layer 2-3

A

and EITHER enter the dorsal pathway to parietal lobe (area7) for analysis of motion and spatial relationships
OR decussate at the splenium of corpus callosum

52
Q

From layer 4, neurons can project to layer 5

A

and to the subcortical structures

53
Q

From layer 4, neurons can project to layer 6

A

and go back to the LGN or to the claustrum

54
Q

Magnocellular (rods) that synapse on layer 4 and project to layer 2-3 will exit in the

A

DORSAL PATHWAY and project to the parietal cortex, for analysis of motion and spatial relationships

55
Q

Parvocellular (cones) that synapse (4 or blob) and project to layers 2-3 will enter the

A

VENTRAL PATHWAY to the temporal lobe for analysis of form, color, face recognition; OR decussate at the splenium of corpus callosum

56
Q

From layer 4, neurons can project to layer 5

A

and to the subcortical structures

57
Q

From layer 4, neurons can project to layer 6

A

and go back to the LGN or to the claustrum

58
Q

Visual cortex projects to discrete areas and therefore a lesion

A

may cause loss of one type of visual perception, but not others

59
Q

Prosopagnosia symptoms

A

inability to do facial recognition

60
Q

Lesion causing Prosopagnosia

A

Inferior temporal cortex (area 20-21)

61
Q

Achromatopsia symptoms

A

Inability to interpret/distinguish colors (retinal cones intact)

62
Q

Lesion causing Achromatopsia

A

Lesion to area 18, 37

63
Q

Movement agnosia symptoms

A

inability to detect a moving object vs a stationary object

64
Q

Lesion causing Movement agnosia

A

lesion to the junction of the occipital and temporal cortices

65
Q

10-20% of optic tract fibers that do not synapse on the LGN project to

A

brachium of superior colliculus

66
Q

Pretectal area is involved in

A

PUPILLARY light reflex

67
Q

Superior colliculus is involved in

A

coordination of head and eye movements

68
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus functions in

A

(superior to optic chiasm in hypothalamus) Influence visceral functions

69
Q

Afferent Limb of Pupillary light reflex

A

ganglion cells –> IPSILATERAL pretectum

70
Q

Associational limb of light reflex arc

A

pretectum –> BILATERAL Edinger-Westphal nuclei (decussations in the posterior commissure)

71
Q

Efferent Limb of the light reflex arc

A

Edinger-Westphal –> via CN3–> postganglionic neurons in CILIARY GANGLION –> sphincter pupillae

72
Q

Shown light in 1 eye –> no response in either eye??

A

Lesion to the afferent limb of ipsilateral eye (light in healhty eye gives response)

73
Q

Shown light and 1 eye has no response, while other eye has both responses??

A

Lesion to efferent limb: Ciliary ganglion or CN3 (enlarged pupil at rest)

74
Q

Accommodation Reflex

A

Object from far comes NEAR –> pupillary constriction

75
Q

Argyll-Robertson Pupil

A

ARP and PRA, small, irregular eye with accommodation reflex present and pupillary reflex absent

Neuro Unit 4 (12 decks)

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