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RHSC 420 > Visual system > Flashcards

Visual system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the part of the retina that is most sensitive to light?

A

Pigment epithelium

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2
Q

What does the inner segment of the rod contain?

A

cell nucleus and mitochondria

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3
Q

The outer segment of the rod contains discs that contain light sensitive _________.

A

rhodopsin

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4
Q

What does the inner segment of a cone contain?

A

cell nucleus and mitochondria

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5
Q

The outer segment of the cone contents the discs that contain light sensitive _______.

A

iodopsin

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6
Q

Refraction occurs tat the _________ and at the _______.

A

cornea; lens

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7
Q

Refractive power of the _______ is greater, but the ______ can change its shape.

A

cornea; lens

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8
Q

At the _____, interring cell layers are pushed aside.

A

fovea

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9
Q

Rods and cones are found at the fovea (T/F).

A

FALSE; just cones

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10
Q

At the _____ ____ there is a blind spot due to emerging retinal arteries.

A

optic disc

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11
Q

More ________ in the central retina = better visual acuity.

A

cones

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12
Q

More ______ in the peripheral retina = better for movement.

A

rods

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13
Q

How many rods are located in the retina?

A

120 milion

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14
Q

How many cones are located in the retina?

A

6 million

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15
Q

Cones are sensitive to what 3 colours of the visible spectrum?

A

red, green and blue

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16
Q

Trace the visual pathway, starting from the retina.

A

Retina; optic nerve; optic chiasm; optic tract; lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus; optic radiation; occipital lobe

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17
Q

Left visual field projects to the _______ cortex, and vice versa.

A

right

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18
Q

The ________ stream= where, how, and spatial vision

A

dorsal

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19
Q

The ______ stream - what, object vision

A

ventral

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20
Q

What muscle causes elevation of the eye?

A

superior rectus

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21
Q

What muscle causes depression of the eye?

A

inferior rectus

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22
Q

What muscles cause adduction and abduction of the eye, respectively?

A

medial rectus; lateral rectus

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23
Q

What muscle is innervated by CN IV?

A

superior oblique

24
Q

What nerve innervates inferior oblique?

25
Q

What nerve causes lateral eye movements?

26
Q

The _______ _______ muscle is aligned with the axis of the eyeball in the adducted eye.

A

superior oblique

27
Q

Contraction of the superior oblique will lead to _______ of the adducted eyeball.

A

depression

28
Q

The ______ ______ muscle is perpendicular to the axis of the eyeball in the abducted eye.

A

superior oblique

29
Q

Contraction of the superior oblique muscle in an abducted eye will lead to _______ of the eyeball.

30
Q

Oculomotor nerve (CN __) innervates all extraocular muscles except what two?

A
  1. Superior oblique

2. Lateral rectus

31
Q

What nerve is the superior oblique muscle innervated by?

A

trochlear nerve (CNIV)

32
Q

What nerve is the lateral rectus innervated by?

A

Abducens (CN VI)

33
Q

Where is the oculomotor nucleus found in the brainstem?

34
Q

Where is the trochlear nucleus found?

A

rostral pons

35
Q

Where is the abducens nucleus found?

A

Caudal pons

36
Q

Motor cranial nerves receive input from the primary motor cortex via the ____________ tract.

A

corticobulbar

37
Q

What is the specialized area of the cortex that controls eye movements?

A

frontal eye fields

38
Q

In a horizontal eye movement, what two muscles and thereby what two nerves need to work together?

A

medial and lateral rectus; CN III and VI

39
Q

The ________ _______ connect the abducens nucleus and the oculomotor nucleus, and is critical for coordinate gaze.

A

ascending MLF

40
Q

The ascending MLF is critical for what reflex?

A

vestibulo-ocular

41
Q

The descending MLG is the _______ __________ tract.

A

medial vestibulospinal tract

42
Q

The aMLF connects the vestibular nuclei (CN VII) to the nuclei of what three CN?

A

III, IV, and VI

43
Q

What are the three types of eye movements?

A
  1. saccades
  2. pursuit
  3. vestibule-ocular reflex
44
Q

What are the two types of saccades?

A
  1. volitional

2. reflexive

45
Q

What are the 3 types of volitional saccades?

A
  1. anti-saccade
  2. memory saccade
  3. predictive saccade
46
Q

Information for reflexive saccades comes from the _______ _______.

A

superior colliculus

47
Q

Before moving ones gaze, both reflexive and volitional saccades must synapse were?

A

paramedian pontine reticular formation

48
Q

A saccade to the left comes from the _______ side of the cortex.

49
Q

Pursuit to the left comes from the ______ side of the cortex.

50
Q

Vertical gaze requires coordination of what two nerves?

A

CN III and IV

51
Q

Where is the vertical gaze center located?

A

rMLF pretectal area

52
Q

Horizontal gaze centre in the _____, vertical gaze center in the _______.

A

pons; midbrain

53
Q

________ gaze = eyes move in different directions.

A

disconjugate

54
Q

What two things does disconjugate gaze include?

A
  1. convergence

2. divergence

55
Q

A dilated pupil may indicated ________ pathology.

A

parasympathetic

56
Q

A constricted pupil may indicated a __________ pathology.

A

sympathetic

RHSC 420 (11 decks)

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