Basal ganglia

Question 1

What is one of the largest roles of the BG?

Answer 1

decision to move

Question 2

The BG modulates _______ motor activity.

Answer 2

voluntary

Question 3

The balance of ______ and ______ pathways gives input to the thalamus and from there to the cortex

Answer 3

inhibitory; excitatory

Question 4

What are the 3 parallel circuits in the BG?

Answer 4

1. motor circuit
2. associative circuit
3. limbic circuit

Question 5

______ circuit: controls body and eye movements

Answer 5

motor

Question 6

_______ circuit: involved in higher level cognitive function

Answer 6

associative

Question 7

________ circuit: involved in emotional and motivational processing

Answer 7

limbic

Question 8

In the BG, all 3 circuits are integrated into 1 which is why we are not able to multitask (T/F).

Answer 8

TRUE

Question 9

The activity of the BG encodes for the ________ to move, _______ and ________ of movement.

Answer 9

decision; direction; amplitude

Question 10

The BG encodes for the motor expression of _______.

Answer 10

emotions

Question 11

The BG makes movements and behaviours more efficient (_________).

Answer 11

proceduralization

Question 12

The thalamus is under chronic _______ when we are not moving.

Answer 12

inhibition

Question 13

The ______ pathway releases the tonic inhibition of the thalamus, leading tom ore excitation of the motor cortex, and more motor output.

Answer 13

direct

Question 14

The _______ pathway inhibits output from the thalamus, leading to less excitation of the motor cortex, and less motor output.

Answer 14

indirect

Question 15

In the basal ganglia, the input is to the ______ and _____, and the output is from the ____ ______.

Answer 15

caudate; putamen; globus pallidus

Question 16

What are the two options in the BG in terms of output?

Answer 16

1. increase the inhibition

2. inhibit the inhibition

Question 17

Inhibiting inhibitory neuron from the GPi = releasing inhibition to the thalamus = _____ pathway

Answer 17

direct

Question 18

Enhancing inhibition of the thalamus = _______ pathway.

Answer 18

indirect

Question 19

In the ______ pathway, there is an excitation of the caudate and putamen leading to inhibition of the GPi.

Answer 19

direct

Question 20

The ______ pathway released the upper motor neurone form their tonic inhibition, leading to an ______ in motor output.

Answer 20

direct; increase

Question 21

The direct pathway facilitates _____-______ movement,

Answer 21

target-oriented

Question 22

In the direct pathway, there is an ______ of the sub thalamic nucleus, leading to ______ of the GPi, and further ________ of the thalamus.

Answer 22

inhibition; excitation; inhibition

Question 23

The indirect pathway puts a _____ on the normal function of the direct pathway, resulting in a _______ of motor output.

Answer 23

brake; reduction

Question 24

The indirect pathway inhibits potentially _______ movements.

Answer 24

competing

Question 25

Direct and indirect pathways are happening _________.

Answer 25

simultaneously

Question 26

Target-oriented, efficient movements are facilitated (______ pathway) and superfluous competing movements are inhibited (______ pathway).

Answer 26

direct; indirect

Question 27

Parkinson’s disease is an example of _______ of motor output.

Answer 27

inhibition

Question 28

Ballism and Huntington’s ideas are example of _______ motor output.

Answer 28

excessive

Question 29

_______ = sudden uncontrolled flinging movements of the exutermities

Answer 29

ballism

Question 30

Usually ballism occurs only on one side (_________)

Answer 30

hemiballism

Question 31

Underlying ballism is a lesion of the ________ _______ nucleus.

Answer 31

contralateral sub thalamic

Question 32

In hemi-ballism, there is a los of the _______ pathway.

Answer 32

indirect

Question 33

Will a stroke of the L subthalamic nucleus lead to the loss of indirect pathway and suppression of superfluous movement on the L or the R side?

Answer 33

R !

Question 34

_________ disease leads to deficits in cognition, behaviour and a characteristic hyperkinetic movement disorder

Answer 34

huntingtons

Question 35

Huntington’s = degernation of the ________.

Answer 35

striatum (caudate and putamen)

Question 36

Doest Huntington’s effect the direct or indirect pathway?

Answer 36

Both!

Question 37

_________ = degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra

Answer 37

parkinsons

Question 38

Parkinson’s leads to decrease in movement (________) or loss of movement (________.

Answer 38

hypokinesia; akinesia

Question 39

Parkinson’s leads to loss of facial expression (_______).

Answer 39

hypomimia

Question 40

Damage to the substantial nigra effects both the direct and indirect pathways (T/F).

Answer 40

TRUE

Question 41

In Parkinson’s disease, there is ____ inhibition of the tonic inhibition of the thalamus, so target oriented and efficient movements are not facilitated.

Answer 41

less

Question 42

In Parkinson’s disease, the GPe is _______, less inhibitory input to the STN, more ________ input to the GPi, more ________ of the thalamus.

Answer 42

inhibited; excitatory; inhibition

Question 43

What are three parallel circuits in the BG?

Answer 43

1. motor
2. associative or cognitive
3. limbic

Question 44

In the _______ circuit, both direct and indirect pathways are involved.

Answer 44

motor

Question 45

The _______ circuit participate in planning complex motor activity.

Answer 45

associative

Question 46

When a novel task has been practiced and well learned, activity in the ______ circuit decreases and the ______ circuit becomes more active.

Answer 46

associative; motor

Question 47

Limbic circuit = motor expression of ______.

Answer 47

emotion

Question 48

The limbic system is rich in _________ neurons.

Answer 48

dopaminergic

Question 49

The limbic circuit neurons project back to the motor cortex (T/F).

Answer 49

FALSE