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Behavioral Neuroscience > Visual System > Flashcards

Visual System Flashcards

1
Q

Rods contain _____.

A

rhodopsin

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2
Q

Rhodopsin is extremely sensitive to _____.

A

light

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3
Q

Rods function _____ in dim light and _____ in bright light.

A

well, poorly

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4
Q

Rods do not distinguish _____.

A

color

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5
Q

Rods are located in the _____.

A

peripheral retina

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6
Q

Cones contain _____.

A

iodopsin

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7
Q

Iodopsin requires _____ to function.

A

bright light

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8
Q

Cones function _____ in daylight and _____ dim light.

A

well, poorly

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9
Q

Cones have three types of iodopsins to respond to _____.

A

different wavelengths of light

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10
Q

Cones are located in the _____.

A

central retina (fovea)

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11
Q

Receptive fields of rods are _____.

A

large

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12
Q

Receptive fields of cones are _____.

A

small

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13
Q

Many rods share a _____.

A

ganglion cell

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14
Q

Fewer cones than rods attach to each _____.

A

ganglion cell

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15
Q

In the _____ each cone has its own ganglion cell.

A

fovea

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16
Q

_____ contact photoreceptors and bipolar cells.

A

Horizontal cells

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17
Q

_____ contact bipolar and ganglion cells.

A

Amacrine cells

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18
Q

Ganglion cells create _____ potentials.

A

action

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19
Q

When light strikes rhodopsin, _____ is activated.

A

retinal (RPE65)

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20
Q

Leber’s congenital optic degeneration

A

RPE65 (retinal) is defective
photoreceptors degenerate
patient goes blind

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21
Q

Light closes sodium channels, causing _____.

rods are turned off

A

hyperpolarization

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22
Q

Lateral inhibition

A

inhibition of connected bipolar cells produces contrast

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23
Q

LGN (lateral geniculate nucleus) of the thalamus has _____ cell types.

A

three

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24
Q

Parvocellular cells consist of _____ dorsal layers and are _____ cells with _____ receptive fields.

A

four, small, small

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25
Q

Magnocellular cells consist of _____ ventral layers and are _____ cells with _____ receptive fields.

A

two, large, large

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26
Q

Koniocellular cells consist of layers with _____ cells, between _____ layers.

A

very small, main (P & M)

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27
Q

Most visual information first arrives in the _____.

A

Primary visual cortex (V1)

in occipital cortex

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28
Q

Brain maps of visual space are mostly devoted to the _____.

A

fovea

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29
Q

Simple cells are _____.

A

line detectors

30
Q

Simple cells are more responsive to _____, than to static, steady illumination or diffuse illumination.

A

flashes of light

31
Q

Complex cells are concerned more with _____ than with their precise localization.

A

recognizing external objects

32
Q

Simple cortical cells, also called _____, respond to an edge or bar of a particular _____.

A

bar or edge detectors

width, orientation, and location

33
Q

Complex cortical cells respond to _____, but may be located _____ in the visual field.

A

a bar of a particular width and orientation

anywhere

34
Q

_____ receive input from neurons in lateral geniculate nucleus.

A

Simple cortical neurons

35
Q

_____ receive input from simple cells.

A

Complex cortical neurons

36
Q

Visual cortical cells do a _____ of the luminosity variations in a scene.

A

frequency analysis

37
Q

Different visual cortical cells have different _____.

A

sensitivities

38
Q

Visual cortical cells can detect not just _____ but _____ of luminosity change.

A

edges, grades

39
Q

Area V1 (primary visual cortex) Is organized in _____ and _____.

A

columns, slabs

40
Q

An ocular dominance column is a region of cortex with _____ from one eye.

A

greater synaptic input

41
Q

Much of vision is _____ from what is actually ‘seen’.

A

extrapolating (predicting)

42
Q

Cells in inferotemporal cortex respond to _____, including _____ we have learned to recognize.

A

complex forms, forms

43
Q

Receptive fields in IT cortex develop through _____ and _____.

A

experience, learning

44
Q

Hierarchy of visual processing

A

From simple edges and borders to complex forms as you move from V1 to IT.

45
Q

The M-channel (magnocellular pathway) is _____ selective, _____ sensitive for movement, and has no _____ sensitivity
(analysis of object motion)

A

orientation, directional, color

46
Q

The P-IB channel (parvocellular interblob pathway) has high _____ sensitivity, no _____ sensitivity, and _____.
(analysis of object shape)

A

orientation, color, small receptive fields

47
Q

The blob channel (parvocellular blob and koniocellular pathway) has _____ sensitivity and no _____ sensitivity.
(analysis of object color)

A

color, orientation

48
Q

Trichromatic hypothesis

A

Three types of cones
Each cone responds to a part of the spectrum
Each cone has a separate pathway to the brain

49
Q

Opponent-process hypothesis

A

Three color axes (opposed pairs of colors)
red - green
yellow - blue
white - black

50
Q

Akinetopsia

A

Motion blindness

51
Q

Opponent Process: Cells in the _____ and thalamic _____ layers fire to some _____, and are inhibited by others.

A

retinal ganglion, parvocellular, wavelengths

52
Q

Micropsia causes objects in the visual field to appear _____ than normal.

A

smaller

53
Q

Macropsia causes objects in the visual field to appear _____ than normal.

A

larger

54
Q

_____ is cause by alternating micropsia and macropsia.

A

Alice in Wonderland Syndrome

55
Q

_____ results in the ability to see individual objects and the inability to perceive a visual scene as a whole.

A

Simultagnosia

56
Q

_____ results in seeing afterimages, both as a reduced amount of time required to form an afterimage, and an increased duration of the afterimage.

A

Palinopsia

57
Q

_____ results in normal speech, sensations, ability to use objects, and the the inability to name objects.

A

Visual agnosia

58
Q

Blindsight is due to minor pathways leading into the _____ that bypass _____.

A 
extrastriate cortex (V2 through V5)
straite cortex (V1)
59
Q

The _____ is associated with motion, representation of object locations, and control of the eyes and arms.
(the ‘where’ pathway)

A

dorsal stream

60
Q

The _____ is associated with form recognition and object representation.
(the ‘what’ pathway)

A

ventral stream

61
Q

Optic ataxia

A

The patient can’t use visuospatial information to guide arm movements.

62
Q

Amblyopia

A

The loss of one eye’s ability to see details.

lazy eye

63
Q

Hemispatial neglect

A

The patient is unaware of the contralesional half of space.

contralesional: the half of a patient’s brain or body away from the site of a lesion

64
Q

Cells are classified as _____ or _____, depending on their _____.

A

simple, complex, receptive fields

65
Q

Vitamin _____ is a precursor to retinal.

A

A

66
Q

Hyperopia is known as _____ and can be corrected with a _____ lens.

A

farsightedness, convex

67
Q

Myopia is known as _____ and can be corrected with a _____ lens.

A

nearsightedness, concave

68
Q

The M-Channel is involved in _____ analysis.

A

motion

69
Q

The P-IB Channel is involved in _____ analysis.

A

shape

70
Q

The Blob Channel is involved in _____ analysis.

A

color

71
Q

The optic nerve is composed of _____.

A

ganglion cells

Behavioral Neuroscience (14 decks)

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