Language Flashcards
Phonemes
basic speech sounds
Semantics
meanings of words or sentences
Syntax
grammatical rules for constructing phrases and sentences
Language development depends on experience during a _____ (the first few years).
sensitive period
Paraphasia
substitution for a word by an incorrect, unintended word
“The Lord is a shoving leopard “
“The light at end of the candle”
Neologism
an entirely novel word
Dysphasia
any language disorder
Dysarthria
inability to speak clearly
Dyspraxia
inability to sequence a complex motor act
Dysgraphia
inability to write
Dyslexia
inability to read
Wernicke-Geschwind model
disconnection theory: language impairment from loss of connections among brain regions
Nonfluent (Broca’s) aphasia
difficulty producing speech, but comprehension is good
anomia
inability to name persons or objects
Fluent (Wernicke’s) aphasia
complex verbal output with many paraphasias
(word salad)
(Patients cannot understand what they read or hear)
Global aphasia
total inability to understand or produce language
(Global aphasia = Broca’s + Wernicke’s)
(large left-hemisphere lesions, affecting all speech zones)
Conduction aphasia
impaired repetition of words
result from lesions of Arcuate fasciculus
Arcuate fasciculus
axons connecting Wernicke’s area to Broca’s area
Naming a seen object requires transfer of visual information to the _____.
angular gyrus
(Lesions disconnect visual and auditory systems)
(Patients can speak and understand, but can’t read aloud)
Alexia
inability to see words or to read
Agraphia
inability to write or to express thoughts in writing
angular gyrus
connects the visual projection area with the auditory and visual association areas
_____ for aphasia uses the fact that singing often is intact after a left hemisphere stroke.
Melodic intonation therapy
_____ may be critical to the development of language.
Mirror neurons
Language acquisition is more difficult in adulthood, reflecting _____.
diminished plasticity
_____ is a disorder of both visual and auditory processing.
Dyslexia
Surface dyslexia
errors in reading restricted to the details and sounds of letters
(pretty (‘pritty’) read as: ‘pretty’)
Deep dyslexia
errors in reading one word as another, related in meaning
extensive damage to left-hemisphere language areas
(‘county’ read as ‘nation’)
Dyslexics show distortions among cells in the _____.
cerebral cortex
Micropolygyria
excessive cortical folding
Ectopias
clusters of extra cells
_____ presents different sounds to each ear at different or the same time.
Dichotic listening
Primary Cortex
First cortical area processing sensory input or motor output
Association Cortex
Multi-modal cortex (most of cortex)
Composition of frontal lobe
1) Motor cortex (blue)
2) Premotor cortex (green)
3) Prefrontal cortex (purple)
dorsolateral
orbitofrontal
Dorsolateral damage results in _____, _____, and _____.
poor judgment
poor motor programming problems
poor self-care
Orbitofrontal damage results in _____, _____, and _____.
environmental dependence
poor social insight
emotional lability
Parietal lobe injuries produce _____.
diverse impairments
position abuts all three other major lobes
Astereognosis
inability to recognize objects by touching and feeling them
mostly right hemisphere
Damage to the right _____ results in neglect of left side of the body and of space.
(Hemispatial Neglect)
parietal lobe
Prosopagnosia
people fail to recognize familiar faces, even their own
Bilateral damage to _____ causes complete prosopagnosia.
may be accompanied by other forms of agnosia
fusiform gyrus
The _____ hemisphere is dominant for language.
left
