Language

Question 1

Phonemes

Answer 1

basic speech sounds

Question 2

Semantics

Answer 2

meanings of words or sentences

Question 3

Syntax

Answer 3

grammatical rules for constructing phrases and sentences

Question 4

Language development depends on experience during a _____ (the first few years).

Answer 4

sensitive period

Question 5

Paraphasia

Answer 5

substitution for a word by an incorrect, unintended word
“The Lord is a shoving leopard “
“The light at end of the candle”

Question 6

Neologism

Answer 6

an entirely novel word

Question 7

Dysphasia

Answer 7

any language disorder

Question 8

Dysarthria

Answer 8

inability to speak clearly

Question 9

Dyspraxia

Answer 9

inability to sequence a complex motor act

Question 10

Dysgraphia

Answer 10

inability to write

Question 11

Dyslexia

Answer 11

inability to read

Question 12

Wernicke-Geschwind model

Answer 12

disconnection theory: language impairment from loss of connections among brain regions

Question 13

Nonfluent (Broca’s) aphasia

Answer 13

difficulty producing speech, but comprehension is good

Question 14

anomia

Answer 14

inability to name persons or objects

Question 15

Fluent (Wernicke’s) aphasia

Answer 15

complex verbal output with many paraphasias
(word salad)
(Patients cannot understand what they read or hear)

Question 16

Global aphasia

Answer 16

total inability to understand or produce language
(Global aphasia = Broca’s + Wernicke’s)
(large left-hemisphere lesions, affecting all speech zones)

Question 17

Conduction aphasia

Answer 17

impaired repetition of words

result from lesions of Arcuate fasciculus

Question 18

Arcuate fasciculus

Answer 18

axons connecting Wernicke’s area to Broca’s area

Question 19

Naming a seen object requires transfer of visual information to the _____.

Answer 19

angular gyrus
(Lesions disconnect visual and auditory systems)
(Patients can speak and understand, but can’t read aloud)

Question 20

Alexia

Answer 20

inability to see words or to read

Question 21

Agraphia

Answer 21

inability to write or to express thoughts in writing

Question 22

angular gyrus

Answer 22

connects the visual projection area with the auditory and visual association areas

Question 23

_____ for aphasia uses the fact that singing often is intact after a left hemisphere stroke.

Answer 23

Melodic intonation therapy

Question 24

_____ may be critical to the development of language.

Answer 24

Mirror neurons

Question 25

Language acquisition is more difficult in adulthood, reflecting _____.

Answer 25

diminished plasticity

Question 26

_____ is a disorder of both visual and auditory processing.

Answer 26

Dyslexia

Question 27

Surface dyslexia

Answer 27

errors in reading restricted to the details and sounds of letters (pretty (‘pritty’) read as: ‘pretty’)

Question 28

Deep dyslexia

Answer 28

errors in reading one word as another, related in meaning extensive damage to left-hemisphere language areas ('county' read as 'nation')

Question 29

Dyslexics show distortions among cells in the _____.

Answer 29

cerebral cortex

Question 30

Micropolygyria

Answer 30

excessive cortical folding

Question 31

Ectopias

Answer 31

clusters of extra cells

Question 32

_____ presents different sounds to each ear at different or the same time.

Answer 32

Dichotic listening

Question 33

Primary Cortex

Answer 33

First cortical area processing sensory input or motor output

Question 34

Association Cortex

Answer 34

Multi-modal cortex (most of cortex)

Question 35

Composition of frontal lobe

Answer 35

1) Motor cortex (blue) 2) Premotor cortex (green) 3) Prefrontal cortex (purple) dorsolateral orbitofrontal

Question 36

Dorsolateral damage results in _____, _____, and _____.

Answer 36

poor judgment poor motor programming problems poor self-care

Question 37

Orbitofrontal damage results in _____, _____, and _____.

Answer 37

environmental dependence poor social insight emotional lability

Question 38

Parietal lobe injuries produce _____.

Answer 38

diverse impairments | position abuts all three other major lobes

Question 39

Astereognosis

Answer 39

inability to recognize objects by touching and feeling them | mostly right hemisphere

Question 40

Damage to the right _____ results in neglect of left side of the body and of space. (Hemispatial Neglect)

Answer 40

parietal lobe

Question 41

Prosopagnosia

Answer 41

people fail to recognize familiar faces, even their own

Question 42

Bilateral damage to _____ causes complete prosopagnosia. | may be accompanied by other forms of agnosia

Answer 42

fusiform gyrus

Question 43

The _____ hemisphere is dominant for language.

Answer 43

left