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Behavioral Neuroscience > Sleep > Flashcards

Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

Small animals sleep _____ than large ones.

A

more

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2
Q

Sleep, especially _____, improves processes that consolidate _____.

A

dreaming

learned material

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3
Q

Diurnal

A

active during the light

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4
Q

Nocturnal

A

active during the dark

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5
Q

Circadian rhythms are about _____ hours.

A

24

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6
Q

Sleep is _____ to external events, including light and dark.

A

synchronized

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7
Q

Stimuli like lights, alarm clocks and the moon train us to be _____ or _____.

A

awake

asleep

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8
Q

Light information goes from eye to SCN via the ____.

A

retinohypothalamic path

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9
Q

Two proteins, _____ and _____, bind to form a dimer.

A

clock

cycle

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10
Q

The clock/cycle dimer binds to _____, enhancing the transcription of the genes for _____ and _____.

A

DNA
Period (per)
Cryptochrome (cry)

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11
Q

Per, cry, and tau bind to form a complex which _____ the activity of the clock/cycle dimer, slowing transcription of the _____ and _____ genes .

A

inhibits
per
cry
(slows production of per and cry proteins)

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12
Q

_____ and _____ proteins eventually break down, releasing the clock/cycle dimer from _____, allowing the cycle to start again. This cycle takes _____ hours to complete.

A

per
cry
inhibition
24

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13
Q

Retinal ganglion cells detect light with _____, and their axons in the _____ release glutamate onto the neurons in the _____.

A

melanopsin
retinohypothalamic tract
SCN

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14
Q

SCN lesions _____ circadian rhythms.

A

disrupt

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15
Q

SCN lesions do not abolish _____ or _____ rhythms.

A

infradian

ultradian

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16
Q

SCN regulates the _____ secretion of _____.

A

pineal gland’s

melatonin

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17
Q

Light resets the clock by suppressing _____ secretion.

A

melatonin

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18
Q

_____ week(s) after birth, an infant develops a circadian rhythm.

A

9

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19
Q

_____ week(s) after birth, an infants circadian rhythm synchronizes with light.

A

16

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20
Q

People tend to get up _____ the older they are.

A

earlier

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21
Q

At morning, _____ signals the body clock to begin its active cycle.
The body responds by producing _____, _____, and _____.

A

increasing light
serotonin
adrenaline
cortisol

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22
Q

_____ causes us to wake up, _____ wakes us up fully.

A

Serotonin

cortisol

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23
Q

As morning wears on, the body clock causes _____ levels to drop but increases _____ and _____.

A

cortisol
adrenaline
serotonin

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24
Q

By mid afternoon, the body’s _____ peaks.

A

metabolism

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25
As daylight drops, the pineal gland converts _____ into _____.
serotonin melatonin (Dim Light Melatonin Onset)
26
As melatonin and other sleep hormones increase, our temperature _____.
drops
27
Approximately 2 hours after DLMO, _____ floods the blood stream.
melatonin
28
Melatonin release decreases _____ hour(s) after DLMO.
3
29
As darkness fades, the body stops producing _____.
melatonin
30
Body temperature is at a minimum _____ hour(s) before waking.
1
31
SWS is _____ and includes stages _____.
non-REM | 1-4
32
REM sleep is comprised of _____ EEG waves, _____ eye movements, _____ and _____ increase, and muscle _____.
``` beta (fast) rapid breathing heart rate relaxation ```
33
Stage one sleep consists of _____ waves.
theta
34
Stage two sleep consists of _____ and _____.
sleep spindles | k complexes
35
Stage three/four sleep consists of _____ activity,
delta
36
Cycles of sleep last _____ minutes, but cycles early in the night have more stage _____, and later cycles have more ____ sleep.
90–110 3 and 4 SWS REM
37
Nightmares are frightening dreams that awaken sleeper from _____ sleep.
REM
38
Night terrors are sudden arousals from stage _____, marked by _____ and _____.
3 or 4 SWS fear autonomic activity
39
Marine mammals do not have _____ sleep
REM
40
In _____ and _____, only one brain hemisphere enters SWS at a time; the other remains _____.
dolphins birds awake
41
As we age, total time asleep _____, and number of awakenings _____. Most dramatic decline is loss of time in _____ sleep.
declines increases deep
42
Non-REM sleep is a period of _____ and REM sleep is a period of _____.
recall (replay) | consolidation of memory
43
A _____ minute nap containing both REM and non-REM sleep improves _____.
60-90 | learning
44
REM sleep increases following _____, and REM deprivation after learning reduces _____.
learning | retention
45
Replay of learned material is synchronized with the _____.
hippocampus
46
After _____ days memories become independent of the _____.
4-7 | hippocampus
47
This may be a period of _____, as the brain purges unwanted memories during _____.
memory erasure | REM sleep.
48
What 'turns on' the brain during sleep?
ARAS in brainstem | ascending reticular activating system
49
What ‘turns off’ the brainstem?
VLPO nucleus of hypothalamus | ventrolateral preoptic nucleus
50
Activity from _____ to _____ keeps us awake.
sensory thalamus | cortex
51
The _____ inhibits the sensory thalamus.
Reticular thalamus
52
Brainstem activity controls the _____ through _____.
thalamus | cholinergic fibres
53
During waking, the _____, _____, and _____ networks activate the thalamus.
brainstem cholinergic noradrenergic
54
The thalamus is activated directly by facilitating (+) the _____.
sensory thalamus
55
The thalamus is activated indirectly by inhibiting (-) the _____, so thus suppressing its inhibiting effect on the _____.
reticular nucleus | thalamus
56
When we go to sleep, the firing of the activating system in the brainstem _____, so the thalamus is activated _____.
decreases (from activation of VLPO) | less
57
When we go to sleep, inhibition of the _____ is released, which increases inhibition of _____.
thalamic reticular nucleus | thalamocortical neurons
58
When we go to sleep, the thalamus then becomes _____ to the environment.
less sensitive
59
REM is a(n) _____ brain state.
active
60
The _____ triggers REM sleep, _____ the body.
pontine system | paralyzing
61
The effects of sleep deprivation (partial or total) include _____, _____, and _____.
increased irritability difficulty in concentrating episodes of disorientation
62
Narcolepsy patients suffer from _____, paradoxical _____, and _____.
frequent sleep attacks insomnia excessive daytime sleepiness
63
Narcolepsy patients do not go through _____ before REM sleep.
long SWS
64
Narcolepsy patients may show _____.
cataplexy
65
Cataplexy
Sudden loss of muscle tone, and collapse
66
_____ cells in the brainstem fire during cataplexy.
Dorsal raphe
67
Orexin prevents the transition from _____ directly into _____.
wakefulness | REM sleep
68
Orexin is released _____.
just as you wake up
69
In narcoleptic people, there is an autoimmune attack on the _____ receptor.
orexin
70
_____ is the brief inability to move just before falling asleep, or just after waking.
Sleep paralysis
71
In sleep paralysis, the _____ triggers _____.
pontine center | muscle relaxation
72
_____ and _____ occur in SWS.
Night terrors | enuresis (bed-wetting)
73
Somnambulism occurs during stage(s) _____, and may persist into adulthood.
3 and 4 SWS | sleepwalking
74
In sleep apnea, _____ stops and _____ drops rapidly.
breathing | blood oxygen
75
In sleep apnea, the _____ muscles relax too much or _____ neurons in brain stem do not signal properly.
chest/diaphragm | pacemaker respiratory
76
Sleep apnea is accompanied by _____ and/or _____.
snoring | gasping
77
Each episode of apnea arouses the person to _____, but results in daytime _____.
breathe | sleepiness
78
Treatments for sleep apnea include _____, to prevent collapse of the airways.
CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure) machine
79
Untreated sleep apnea can lead to fatal _____.
heart failure
80
_____ is sleep apnea from immature respiratory pacemaker systems or arousal mechanisms.
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
81
Putting babies to sleep on their backs can prevent suffocation due to _____.
apnea (SIDS)
82
REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)
Paralysis that normally occurs during REM sleep is incomplete or absent, allowing the person to "act out" his or her dreams.
83
Of patients with RBD, __% of patients injure themselves and __% assault their spouse.
32 | 64
84
Of patients with RBD, dreams involve defense of the sleeper against attack in __%.
87
85
Continued use of sleeping pills leads to _____, _____ that persist even when not taking the drug, and _____.
ineffectiveness (receptor downregulation) a change in sleep patterns drowsiness and memory gaps

Behavioral Neuroscience (14 decks)

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