Sleep Flashcards
Small animals sleep _____ than large ones.
more
Sleep, especially _____, improves processes that consolidate _____.
dreaming
learned material
Diurnal
active during the light
Nocturnal
active during the dark
Circadian rhythms are about _____ hours.
24
Sleep is _____ to external events, including light and dark.
synchronized
Stimuli like lights, alarm clocks and the moon train us to be _____ or _____.
awake
asleep
Light information goes from eye to SCN via the ____.
retinohypothalamic path
Two proteins, _____ and _____, bind to form a dimer.
clock
cycle
The clock/cycle dimer binds to _____, enhancing the transcription of the genes for _____ and _____.
DNA
Period (per)
Cryptochrome (cry)
Per, cry, and tau bind to form a complex which _____ the activity of the clock/cycle dimer, slowing transcription of the _____ and _____ genes .
inhibits
per
cry
(slows production of per and cry proteins)
_____ and _____ proteins eventually break down, releasing the clock/cycle dimer from _____, allowing the cycle to start again. This cycle takes _____ hours to complete.
per
cry
inhibition
24
Retinal ganglion cells detect light with _____, and their axons in the _____ release glutamate onto the neurons in the _____.
melanopsin
retinohypothalamic tract
SCN
SCN lesions _____ circadian rhythms.
disrupt
SCN lesions do not abolish _____ or _____ rhythms.
infradian
ultradian
SCN regulates the _____ secretion of _____.
pineal gland’s
melatonin
Light resets the clock by suppressing _____ secretion.
melatonin
_____ week(s) after birth, an infant develops a circadian rhythm.
9
_____ week(s) after birth, an infants circadian rhythm synchronizes with light.
16
People tend to get up _____ the older they are.
earlier
At morning, _____ signals the body clock to begin its active cycle.
The body responds by producing _____, _____, and _____.
increasing light
serotonin
adrenaline
cortisol
_____ causes us to wake up, _____ wakes us up fully.
Serotonin
cortisol
As morning wears on, the body clock causes _____ levels to drop but increases _____ and _____.
cortisol
adrenaline
serotonin
By mid afternoon, the body’s _____ peaks.
metabolism
As daylight drops, the pineal gland converts _____ into _____.
serotonin
melatonin
(Dim Light Melatonin Onset)
As melatonin and other sleep hormones increase, our temperature _____.
drops
Approximately 2 hours after DLMO, _____ floods the blood stream.
melatonin
Melatonin release decreases _____ hour(s) after DLMO.
3
As darkness fades, the body stops producing _____.
melatonin
Body temperature is at a minimum _____ hour(s) before waking.
1
SWS is _____ and includes stages _____.
non-REM
1-4
REM sleep is comprised of _____ EEG waves, _____ eye movements, _____ and _____ increase, and muscle _____.
beta (fast) rapid breathing heart rate relaxation
Stage one sleep consists of _____ waves.
theta
Stage two sleep consists of _____ and _____.
sleep spindles
k complexes
Stage three/four sleep consists of _____ activity,
delta
Cycles of sleep last _____ minutes, but cycles early in the night have more stage _____, and later cycles have more ____ sleep.
90–110
3 and 4 SWS
REM
Nightmares are frightening dreams that awaken sleeper from _____ sleep.
REM
Night terrors are sudden arousals from stage _____, marked by _____ and _____.
3 or 4 SWS
fear
autonomic activity
Marine mammals do not have _____ sleep
REM
In _____ and _____, only one brain hemisphere enters SWS at a time; the other remains _____.
dolphins
birds
awake
As we age, total time asleep _____, and number of awakenings _____. Most dramatic decline is loss of time in _____ sleep.
declines
increases
deep
Non-REM sleep is a period of _____ and REM sleep is a period of _____.
recall (replay)
consolidation of memory
A _____ minute nap containing both REM and non-REM sleep improves _____.
60-90
learning
REM sleep increases following _____, and REM deprivation after learning reduces _____.
learning
retention
Replay of learned material is synchronized with the _____.
hippocampus
After _____ days memories become independent of the _____.
4-7
hippocampus
This may be a period of _____, as the brain purges unwanted memories during _____.
memory erasure
REM sleep.
What ‘turns on’ the brain during sleep?
ARAS in brainstem
ascending reticular activating system
What ‘turns off’ the brainstem?
VLPO nucleus of hypothalamus
ventrolateral preoptic nucleus
Activity from _____ to _____ keeps us awake.
sensory thalamus
cortex
The _____ inhibits the sensory thalamus.
Reticular thalamus
Brainstem activity controls the _____ through _____.
thalamus
cholinergic fibres
During waking, the _____, _____, and _____ networks activate the thalamus.
brainstem
cholinergic
noradrenergic
The thalamus is activated directly by facilitating (+) the _____.
sensory thalamus
The thalamus is activated indirectly by inhibiting (-) the _____, so thus suppressing its inhibiting effect on the _____.
reticular nucleus
thalamus
When we go to sleep, the firing of the activating system in the brainstem _____, so the thalamus is activated _____.
decreases (from activation of VLPO)
less
When we go to sleep, inhibition of the _____ is released, which increases inhibition of _____.
thalamic reticular nucleus
thalamocortical neurons
When we go to sleep, the thalamus then becomes _____ to the environment.
less sensitive
REM is a(n) _____ brain state.
active
The _____ triggers REM sleep, _____ the body.
pontine system
paralyzing
The effects of sleep deprivation (partial or total) include _____, _____, and _____.
increased irritability
difficulty in concentrating
episodes of disorientation
Narcolepsy patients suffer from _____, paradoxical _____, and _____.
frequent sleep attacks
insomnia
excessive daytime sleepiness
Narcolepsy patients do not go through _____ before REM sleep.
long SWS
Narcolepsy patients may show _____.
cataplexy
Cataplexy
Sudden loss of muscle tone, and collapse
_____ cells in the brainstem fire during cataplexy.
Dorsal raphe
Orexin prevents the transition from _____ directly into _____.
wakefulness
REM sleep
Orexin is released _____.
just as you wake up
In narcoleptic people, there is an autoimmune attack on the _____ receptor.
orexin
_____ is the brief inability to move just before falling asleep, or just after waking.
Sleep paralysis
In sleep paralysis, the _____ triggers _____.
pontine center
muscle relaxation
_____ and _____ occur in SWS.
Night terrors
enuresis (bed-wetting)
Somnambulism occurs during stage(s) _____, and may persist into adulthood.
3 and 4 SWS
sleepwalking
In sleep apnea, _____ stops and _____ drops rapidly.
breathing
blood oxygen
In sleep apnea, the _____ muscles relax too much or _____ neurons in brain stem do not signal properly.
chest/diaphragm
pacemaker respiratory
Sleep apnea is accompanied by _____ and/or _____.
snoring
gasping
Each episode of apnea arouses the person to _____, but results in daytime _____.
breathe
sleepiness
Treatments for sleep apnea include _____, to prevent collapse of the airways.
CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure) machine
Untreated sleep apnea can lead to fatal _____.
heart failure
_____ is sleep apnea from immature respiratory pacemaker systems or arousal mechanisms.
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
Putting babies to sleep on their backs can prevent suffocation due to _____.
apnea (SIDS)
REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)
Paralysis that normally occurs during REM sleep is incomplete or absent, allowing the person to “act out” his or her dreams.
Of patients with RBD, __% of patients injure themselves and __% assault their spouse.
32
64
Of patients with RBD, dreams involve defense of the sleeper against attack in __%.
87
Continued use of sleeping pills leads to _____, _____ that persist even when not taking the drug, and _____.
ineffectiveness (receptor downregulation)
a change in sleep patterns
drowsiness and memory gaps
