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Behavioral Neuroscience > Sleep > Flashcards

Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

Small animals sleep _____ than large ones.

A

more

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2
Q

Sleep, especially _____, improves processes that consolidate _____.

A

dreaming

learned material

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3
Q

Diurnal

A

active during the light

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4
Q

Nocturnal

A

active during the dark

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5
Q

Circadian rhythms are about _____ hours.

A

24

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6
Q

Sleep is _____ to external events, including light and dark.

A

synchronized

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7
Q

Stimuli like lights, alarm clocks and the moon train us to be _____ or _____.

A

awake

asleep

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8
Q

Light information goes from eye to SCN via the ____.

A

retinohypothalamic path

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9
Q

Two proteins, _____ and _____, bind to form a dimer.

A

clock

cycle

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10
Q

The clock/cycle dimer binds to _____, enhancing the transcription of the genes for _____ and _____.

A

DNA
Period (per)
Cryptochrome (cry)

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11
Q

Per, cry, and tau bind to form a complex which _____ the activity of the clock/cycle dimer, slowing transcription of the _____ and _____ genes .

A

inhibits
per
cry
(slows production of per and cry proteins)

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12
Q

_____ and _____ proteins eventually break down, releasing the clock/cycle dimer from _____, allowing the cycle to start again. This cycle takes _____ hours to complete.

A

per
cry
inhibition
24

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13
Q

Retinal ganglion cells detect light with _____, and their axons in the _____ release glutamate onto the neurons in the _____.

A

melanopsin
retinohypothalamic tract
SCN

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14
Q

SCN lesions _____ circadian rhythms.

A

disrupt

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15
Q

SCN lesions do not abolish _____ or _____ rhythms.

A

infradian

ultradian

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16
Q

SCN regulates the _____ secretion of _____.

A

pineal gland’s

melatonin

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17
Q

Light resets the clock by suppressing _____ secretion.

A

melatonin

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18
Q

_____ week(s) after birth, an infant develops a circadian rhythm.

A

9

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19
Q

_____ week(s) after birth, an infants circadian rhythm synchronizes with light.

A

16

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20
Q

People tend to get up _____ the older they are.

A

earlier

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21
Q

At morning, _____ signals the body clock to begin its active cycle.
The body responds by producing _____, _____, and _____.

A

increasing light
serotonin
adrenaline
cortisol

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22
Q

_____ causes us to wake up, _____ wakes us up fully.

A

Serotonin

cortisol

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23
Q

As morning wears on, the body clock causes _____ levels to drop but increases _____ and _____.

A

cortisol
adrenaline
serotonin

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24
Q

By mid afternoon, the body’s _____ peaks.

A

metabolism

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25
Q

As daylight drops, the pineal gland converts _____ into _____.

A

serotonin
melatonin
(Dim Light Melatonin Onset)

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26
Q

As melatonin and other sleep hormones increase, our temperature _____.

A

drops

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27
Q

Approximately 2 hours after DLMO, _____ floods the blood stream.

A

melatonin

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28
Q

Melatonin release decreases _____ hour(s) after DLMO.

A

3

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29
Q

As darkness fades, the body stops producing _____.

A

melatonin

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30
Q

Body temperature is at a minimum _____ hour(s) before waking.

A

1

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31
Q

SWS is _____ and includes stages _____.

A

non-REM

1-4

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32
Q

REM sleep is comprised of _____ EEG waves, _____ eye movements, _____ and _____ increase, and muscle _____.

A 
beta (fast)
rapid
breathing
heart rate
relaxation
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33
Q

Stage one sleep consists of _____ waves.

A

theta

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34
Q

Stage two sleep consists of _____ and _____.

A

sleep spindles

k complexes

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35
Q

Stage three/four sleep consists of _____ activity,

A

delta

36
Q

Cycles of sleep last _____ minutes, but cycles early in the night have more stage _____, and later cycles have more ____ sleep.

A

90–110
3 and 4 SWS
REM

37
Q

Nightmares are frightening dreams that awaken sleeper from _____ sleep.

A

REM

38
Q

Night terrors are sudden arousals from stage _____, marked by _____ and _____.

A

3 or 4 SWS
fear
autonomic activity

39
Q

Marine mammals do not have _____ sleep

A

REM

40
Q

In _____ and _____, only one brain hemisphere enters SWS at a time; the other remains _____.

A

dolphins
birds
awake

41
Q

As we age, total time asleep _____, and number of awakenings _____. Most dramatic decline is loss of time in _____ sleep.

A

declines
increases
deep

42
Q

Non-REM sleep is a period of _____ and REM sleep is a period of _____.

A

recall (replay)

consolidation of memory

43
Q

A _____ minute nap containing both REM and non-REM sleep improves _____.

A

60-90

learning

44
Q

REM sleep increases following _____, and REM deprivation after learning reduces _____.

A

learning

retention

45
Q

Replay of learned material is synchronized with the _____.

A

hippocampus

46
Q

After _____ days memories become independent of the _____.

A

4-7

hippocampus

47
Q

This may be a period of _____, as the brain purges unwanted memories during _____.

A

memory erasure

REM sleep.

48
Q

What ‘turns on’ the brain during sleep?

A

ARAS in brainstem

ascending reticular activating system

49
Q

What ‘turns off’ the brainstem?

A

VLPO nucleus of hypothalamus

ventrolateral preoptic nucleus

50
Q

Activity from _____ to _____ keeps us awake.

A

sensory thalamus

cortex

51
Q

The _____ inhibits the sensory thalamus.

A

Reticular thalamus

52
Q

Brainstem activity controls the _____ through _____.

A

thalamus

cholinergic fibres

53
Q

During waking, the _____, _____, and _____ networks activate the thalamus.

A

brainstem
cholinergic
noradrenergic

54
Q

The thalamus is activated directly by facilitating (+) the _____.

A

sensory thalamus

55
Q

The thalamus is activated indirectly by inhibiting (-) the _____, so thus suppressing its inhibiting effect on the _____.

A

reticular nucleus

thalamus

56
Q

When we go to sleep, the firing of the activating system in the brainstem _____, so the thalamus is activated _____.

A

decreases (from activation of VLPO)

less

57
Q

When we go to sleep, inhibition of the _____ is released, which increases inhibition of _____.

A

thalamic reticular nucleus

thalamocortical neurons

58
Q

When we go to sleep, the thalamus then becomes _____ to the environment.

A

less sensitive

59
Q

REM is a(n) _____ brain state.

A

active

60
Q

The _____ triggers REM sleep, _____ the body.

A

pontine system

paralyzing

61
Q

The effects of sleep deprivation (partial or total) include _____, _____, and _____.

A

increased irritability
difficulty in concentrating
episodes of disorientation

62
Q

Narcolepsy patients suffer from _____, paradoxical _____, and _____.

A

frequent sleep attacks
insomnia
excessive daytime sleepiness

63
Q

Narcolepsy patients do not go through _____ before REM sleep.

A

long SWS

64
Q

Narcolepsy patients may show _____.

A

cataplexy

65
Q

Cataplexy

A

Sudden loss of muscle tone, and collapse

66
Q

_____ cells in the brainstem fire during cataplexy.

A

Dorsal raphe

67
Q

Orexin prevents the transition from _____ directly into _____.

A

wakefulness

REM sleep

68
Q

Orexin is released _____.

A

just as you wake up

69
Q

In narcoleptic people, there is an autoimmune attack on the _____ receptor.

A

orexin

70
Q

_____ is the brief inability to move just before falling asleep, or just after waking.

A

Sleep paralysis

71
Q

In sleep paralysis, the _____ triggers _____.

A

pontine center

muscle relaxation

72
Q

_____ and _____ occur in SWS.

A

Night terrors

enuresis (bed-wetting)

73
Q

Somnambulism occurs during stage(s) _____, and may persist into adulthood.

A

3 and 4 SWS

sleepwalking

74
Q

In sleep apnea, _____ stops and _____ drops rapidly.

A

breathing

blood oxygen

75
Q

In sleep apnea, the _____ muscles relax too much or _____ neurons in brain stem do not signal properly.

A

chest/diaphragm

pacemaker respiratory

76
Q

Sleep apnea is accompanied by _____ and/or _____.

A

snoring

gasping

77
Q

Each episode of apnea arouses the person to _____, but results in daytime _____.

A

breathe

sleepiness

78
Q

Treatments for sleep apnea include _____, to prevent collapse of the airways.

A

CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure) machine

79
Q

Untreated sleep apnea can lead to fatal _____.

A

heart failure

80
Q

_____ is sleep apnea from immature respiratory pacemaker systems or arousal mechanisms.

A

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

81
Q

Putting babies to sleep on their backs can prevent suffocation due to _____.

A

apnea (SIDS)

82
Q

REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)

A

Paralysis that normally occurs during REM sleep is incomplete or absent, allowing the person to “act out” his or her dreams.

83
Q

Of patients with RBD, __% of patients injure themselves and __% assault their spouse.

A

32

64

84
Q

Of patients with RBD, dreams involve defense of the sleeper against attack in __%.

A

87

85
Q

Continued use of sleeping pills leads to _____, _____ that persist even when not taking the drug, and _____.

A

ineffectiveness (receptor downregulation)
a change in sleep patterns
drowsiness and memory gaps

Behavioral Neuroscience (14 decks)

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