Hearing

Question 1

Sound, a mechanical force, is _____ into neural activity.

Answer 1

transduced

Question 2

The _____ and ear canal collects low freq. sound waves.

Answer 2

external ear

Question 3

Three ossicles – _____, _____, _____ – connect ______ to _____.

Answer 3

malleus, incus, and stapes
tympanic membrane (eardrum)
oval window

Question 4

Oval window is the window to the _____.

Answer 4

cochlea

Question 5

Two muscles in middle ear vary linkage of ossicles: _____ and _____.

Answer 5

Tensor tympani muscle

Stapedius muscle

Question 6

When activated too much, muscles (in the ear) stiffen to _____ loud sounds.

Answer 6

dampen

Question 7

Thin fibers called _____ run across each hair cell’s _____.

Answer 7

tip links

stereocilia

Question 8

Effect of sound on stereocilia

1) Vibration makes stereocilia bend, causing _____.
2) The hair cell depolarizes, and calcium influx at the _____ of the cell causes _____ release.

Answer 8

ion channels to open
base
glutamate

Question 9

Hair cells do not have _____ so therefore do not generate action potentials.

Answer 9

axons

Question 10

Outer hair cells act as _____.

Inner hair cells act as _____.

Answer 10

Amplifiers

Transducers

Question 11

The _____ is the first place with bilateral input.

Answer 11

Superior olivary nucleus

Question 12

Auditory neurons have _____.

Answer 12

tonotopic organization
(arranged in pitch order, from low to high)

Question 13

Auditory cortex cells each have a _____.

Answer 13

preferred frequency

cells ‘specialize’ in what frequency they fire to

Question 14

Encoding pitch with firing rate of auditory neurons is called _____.

Answer 14

Frequency coding

50 Hz sound causes an auditory cell to fire 50 times a second

Question 15

the _____ is used when the frequency of a sound wave is too high for any single fiber to fire every cycle.

Answer 15

volley principle
(each fiber only fires at a certain point in the cycle. Collective activity is measured)

Question 16

_____ is when each place on the tentorial membrane has a resonant frequency.

Answer 16

Place coding

Question 17

_____ are coded by frequency of nerve impulses (up to 50 Hz). This is known as _____.

Answer 17

Low frequencies

Frequency coding

Question 18

_____ are coded in terms of the place along the basilar membrane which shows greatest activity (over 5000 Hz). This is known as _____.

Answer 18

High frequencies

Place coding

Question 19

For intermediate frequencies (from 50 to 5000 Hz) _____ is coded through combination of _____.

Answer 19

pitch

Volley & Place mechanisms

Question 20

_____ signal sound location.

Answer 20

Binaural cues

Question 21

_____ occur when sounds are heard at a different loudness at the two ears.

Answer 21

Intensity differences

Question 22

_____ occur when sounds are heard at different arrival times at the two ears.

Answer 22

Latency differences

Question 23

Accurate localization requires processing both _____ and _____.

Answer 23

Intensity differences

Latency differences

Question 24

_____ is our main sound localization nucleus.

Answer 24

Superior olive

Question 25

For high frequency sounds, location is coded by _____ in _____.

Answer 25

intensity differences | superior olive

Question 26

_____ compares intensity (loudness).

Answer 26

lateral SO | lateral superior olive

Question 27

For low frequency sounds, location is coded by _____ differences in _____.

Answer 27

latency | superior olive

Question 28

_____ compares time difference (arrival times).

Answer 28

medial SO | medial superior olive

Question 29

Auditory cortex analyzes complex sounds in the _____ and _____ streams.

Answer 29

dorsal | ventral

Question 30

_____ is located in the frontoparietal lobe and involved in sound _____.

Answer 30

Dorsal stream | location (where?)

Question 31

_____ is located in the temporal lobe and analyzes _____ of sound

Answer 31

Ventral stream | components (what?)

Question 32

_____ is a disorder of the outer or middle ear that prevents sounds from reaching the cochlea.

Answer 32

Conduction deafness

Question 33

_____ is a disorder from cochlea or auditory nerve lesions.

Answer 33

Sensorineural deafness

Question 34

_____ is a disorder caused by brain lesions, with complex results. Associated with neurologic disorders (multiple sclerosis, tumors).

Answer 34

Central deafness

Question 35

Types of central hearing loss

Answer 35

Cortical deafness - Pure word deafness - Auditory agnosia (inability to interpret/recognize) Auditory hallucinations

Question 36

_____ results in fluent verbal output, severely disturbed spoken language comprehension. Nonverbal sounds are correctly identified.

Answer 36

Pure word deafness | central hearing loss (cortical deafness)

Question 37

_____ results in relatively normal pure tone hearing, but inability to recognize verbal or nonverbal sounds (such as ringing telephone).

Answer 37

Auditory agnosia | central hearing loss (cortical deafness)

Question 38

_____ is the Illusion of complex sound such as music or speech. Seen in schizophrenia, injury to secondary auditory cortex, or during a temporal lobe seizure.

Answer 38

Auditory hallucinations

Question 39

Occasionally, auditory hallucinations occur in damage to _____ structures such as superior olive.

Answer 39

brainstem

Question 40

Inflammation of the middle ear (infection) is know as _____.

Answer 40

otitis media

Question 41

_____ occurs with dysfunction of the hair cells or auditory nerve.

Answer 41

Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL)

Question 42

Symptoms of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) include _____, _____, _____, and _____.

Answer 42

Inappropriately loud voice High frequency loss common Speech sounds distorted Background noise makes listening more difficult

Question 43

Viral infection such as measles and CMV kill _____.

Answer 43

auditory hair cells

Question 44

More often a gradual onset than sudden onset, _____ is the most preventable cause of deafness.

Answer 44

noise induced hearing loss | NIHL

Question 45

_____ is the perception of sound in one or both ears or in the head when no external sound is present. It can be single or multi-toned, constant or intermittent, temporary or life-long.

Answer 45

Tinnitus

Question 46

Although damage to the cochlea causes hearing loss and often _____ tinnitus, _____ maintains chronic tinnitus

Answer 46

initiates | CNS

Question 47

Prebycusis

Answer 47

age related hearing loss

Question 48

Tinnitus effects ____% of the population

Answer 48

15

Question 49

sounds are recognized faster in the _____ hemisphere.

Answer 49

right