Psychopathology Flashcards
Schizophrenia affects _% of the population.
1
The key symptom of schizophrenia is _____, or _____.
dissociative thinking
impaired logical thought
Positive symptoms are abnormal behaviors that are gained from schizophrenia and include _____, _____, and _____.
Hallucinations
Delusions
Excited motor behavior
Positive symptoms are usually _____ and
more likely to respond to _____.
acute
antipsychotic medications
Negative symptoms result from lost functions from schizophrenia and include _____, _____, and _____.
Slow thought and speech
Emotional and social withdrawal
Blunted affect or emotional expression
Cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia include _____ and _____.
disorganized thoughts
difficulty concentrating/following instructions
Schizophrenia is partly _____.
heritable
Pyramidal cells of the hippocampus have a _____ arrangement in schizophrenics.
disorganized
The _____ and _____ are smaller in some schizophrenics.
hippocampus
amygdala
Schizophrenics have a deficiency of _____, a “stop” signal for migrating cells, particularly in _____ and _____.
Reelin
hippocampus
prefrontal areas
Teens with schizophrenia have _____ loss of gray matter in _____ and _____ lobes due to _____.
accelerated
frontal
temporal
underactivity
Schizophrenia DA hypothesis
Schizophrenia results from excess synaptic dopamine or increased postsynaptic sensitivity to it.
L-dopa treatment for Parkinson’s may produce _____.
psychosis
Chronic _____ use produces a schizophrenia-like syndrome.
amphetamine
Neuroleptics are _____ antagonists.
DA
Treatment of schizophrenia with _____ drugs can produce _____ symptoms.
antidopamine
Parkinsonian
Atypical neuroleptic drugs (Risperdal, Abilify) block _____ receptors as well as _____ receptors; some increase dopamine in the _____.
serotonin (5HT2)
D2
frontal cortex
Schizophrenia glutamate hypothesis
Schizophrenia is due to underactivation of glutamate receptors
PCP is a(n) _____ and prevents glutamate from acting normally.
NMDA receptor antagonist
When _____ is prolonged, symptoms like acute schizophrenia emerge.
NMDA receptor underactivation
Atypical antipsychotics _____ by downregulating the glutamate transporter gene, which leads to _____.
decrease glutamate reuptake
increased glutamate levels
Schizophrenics have overactive _____.
endocannabinoids receptors
_____ levels are elevated in CSF of schizophrenics.
EC
Symptoms of depression include _____, _____, _____, _____, and _____.
Fatigue / lack of energy Loss of interest or pleasure in activities Increased or decreased appetite & weight Changes in pattern of sleep Suicidal thoughts or plans
Depression leads to increased blood flow to the _____ and the ______.
orbitofrontal cortex
amygdala
Depression leads to decreased blood flow to areas involving _____ and _____.
attention
language
Monoamine hypothesis of depression
Depression is due to reduced synaptic activity of norepinephrine and serotonin.
MAO inhibitors inactivate _____.
monoamines
Treatment with _____ raises the level of monoamines at the synapse and improves depression.
MAO inhibitors
Reserpine, a drug which reduces _____, can cause depression.
monoamines
Antidepressants appear to work via
inhibition of reuptake of _____ or _____.
serotonin
NE
Antidepressants appear to work via binding to presynaptic _____ or _____ autoreceptors, thus _____.
serotonin
NE
enhancing neurotransmitter release
Antidepressants appear to work via inhibiting _____, thereby _____.
monoamine oxidase
reducing neurotransmitter breakdown
Neurogenesis is _____ during antidepressant treatment.
enhanced
ECT _____ monoamine levels.
raises
ECT increases sensitivity of _____.
postsynaptic serotonin receptors
ECT reduces sensitivity of _____, increasing _____ and _____ release.
presynaptic autoreceptors
NE
DA
ECT is now used in _____.
severe depression
suicidal ideation that requires immediate alleviation
Drug-induced seizures _____.
alleviate depression
Fast TMS (_____) produces effects similar to _____.
transcranial magnetic stimulation
traditional ECT
Deep brain stimulation of the _____ and _____ produces immediate effects in treating depression.
anterior cingulate gyrus
median forebrain bundle
Stimulation of the _____ relieves depression, probably because it increases _____ levels in the cortex.
vagus nerve
GABA
SSRI medications have a _____ between treatment and reduction of symptoms.
long lag time
Studies conclude antidepressants have a __-__% response rate in the primary care setting.
50
60
_____ is reduced, fragmented in patients with depression.
Deep SWS
Depressed patients enter _____ quickly, with increased REM sleep in the _____.
REM sleep
first half of the night
SAD is mild depression brought on by _____.
lack of sunlight
_____ in the morning can suppress melatonin, and improve SAD.
Phototherapy
Mania is defined as having _____ and _____ with _____.
excess energy
confidence
grandiose thinking
Mania is accompanied by _____, _____, and _____.
a decreased need to sleep
increased sexual drive
drug abuse
Individuals with bipolar disorder alternate between _____ and _____.
depression
mania
Bipolar patients often show _____: delusions, hallucinations, paranoia, bizarre behavior
psychotic symptoms
One gene affected in bipolar disorder is _____.
Clock
Cycle length of bipolar disorder varies from _____ to _____.
days
months
The _____ may be a “depression switch;” its activity varies with _____.
ventral prefrontal cortex
mood state
The ventromedial cortex is up to __% _____ in people who are depressed.
40
smaller
The number of neurons is normal, but number of _____ falls drastically during depression.
glial cells
Activity increases in the _____ at start of a manic period, so it may be a “_____.”
subgenual prefrontal cortex
bipolar switch
_____ is a mild form of bipolar disorder and is a _____.
Cyclothymia
continuum
Patients with cyclothymia cycle between _____ and _____.
dysthymia (mild depression)
hypomania (increased energy)
A _____ is an intense irrational fear centered on an object, activity, or situation.
phobic disorder
Panic disorder
Recurrent attacks of intense fearfulness.
Generalized anxiety disorder
Persistent and excessive worrying.
Peak onset of OCD is _____.
25 to 44 years of age
Obsessions
Recurrent uncontrollable (irrational) thoughts
Compulsions
Uncontrollable need to perform certain acts over and over (hand-washing, counting rituals, checking doors)
MRN acts with the _____ and _____, mediating _____ and _____.
(medial raphe nucleus) limbic system prefrontal cortex fear anxiety
OCD patients have increased activity in the _____ and _____.
orbital frontal cortex caudate nuclei (basal ganglia)
Surgery in OCD patients to disconnect _____ from ____ produces long-lasting improvement.
orbitofrontal cortex
anterior cingulate cortex
Benzodiazepines can treat _____ by binding to _____ to enhance _____.
anxiety
GABA receptors
GABA inhibitory actions
_____ is increased in the _____ of patients with tourette’s syndrome.
Dopamine activity
basal ganglia
