Psychopathology Flashcards by Marcus Fagioli

Schizophrenia affects _% of the population.

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The key symptom of schizophrenia is _____, or _____.

dissociative thinking

impaired logical thought

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Positive symptoms are abnormal behaviors that are gained from schizophrenia and include _____, _____, and _____.

Hallucinations
Delusions
Excited motor behavior

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Positive symptoms are usually _____ and

more likely to respond to _____.

acute

antipsychotic medications

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Negative symptoms result from lost functions from schizophrenia and include _____, _____, and _____.

Slow thought and speech
Emotional and social withdrawal
Blunted affect or emotional expression

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Cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia include _____ and _____.

disorganized thoughts

difficulty concentrating/following instructions

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Schizophrenia is partly _____.

heritable

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Pyramidal cells of the hippocampus have a _____ arrangement in schizophrenics.

disorganized

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The _____ and _____ are smaller in some schizophrenics.

hippocampus

amygdala

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Schizophrenics have a deficiency of _____, a “stop” signal for migrating cells, particularly in _____ and _____.

Reelin
hippocampus
prefrontal areas

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Teens with schizophrenia have _____ loss of gray matter in _____ and _____ lobes due to _____.

accelerated
frontal
temporal
underactivity

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Schizophrenia DA hypothesis

Schizophrenia results from excess synaptic dopamine or increased postsynaptic sensitivity to it.

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L-dopa treatment for Parkinson’s may produce _____.

psychosis

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Chronic _____ use produces a schizophrenia-like syndrome.

amphetamine

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Neuroleptics are _____ antagonists.

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Treatment of schizophrenia with _____ drugs can produce _____ symptoms.

antidopamine

Parkinsonian

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Atypical neuroleptic drugs (Risperdal, Abilify) block _____ receptors as well as _____ receptors; some increase dopamine in the _____.

serotonin (5HT2)
D2
frontal cortex

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Schizophrenia glutamate hypothesis

Schizophrenia is due to underactivation of glutamate receptors

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PCP is a(n) _____ and prevents glutamate from acting normally.

NMDA receptor antagonist

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When _____ is prolonged, symptoms like acute schizophrenia emerge.

NMDA receptor underactivation

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Atypical antipsychotics _____ by downregulating the glutamate transporter gene, which leads to _____.

decrease glutamate reuptake

increased glutamate levels

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Schizophrenics have overactive _____.

endocannabinoids receptors

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_____ levels are elevated in CSF of schizophrenics.

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Symptoms of depression include _____, _____, _____, _____, and _____.

Fatigue / lack of energy
Loss of interest or pleasure in activities
Increased or decreased appetite & weight
Changes in pattern of sleep 
Suicidal thoughts or plans

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Depression leads to increased blood flow to the _____ and the ______.

orbitofrontal cortex | amygdala

Depression leads to decreased blood flow to areas involving _____ and _____.

attention | language

Monoamine hypothesis of depression

Depression is due to reduced synaptic activity of norepinephrine and serotonin.

MAO inhibitors inactivate _____.

monoamines

Treatment with _____ raises the level of monoamines at the synapse and improves depression.

MAO inhibitors

Reserpine, a drug which reduces _____, can cause depression.

monoamines

Antidepressants appear to work via | inhibition of reuptake of _____ or _____.

serotonin | NE

Antidepressants appear to work via binding to presynaptic _____ or _____ autoreceptors, thus _____.

serotonin NE enhancing neurotransmitter release

Antidepressants appear to work via inhibiting _____, thereby _____.

monoamine oxidase | reducing neurotransmitter breakdown

Neurogenesis is _____ during antidepressant treatment.

enhanced

ECT _____ monoamine levels.

raises

ECT increases sensitivity of _____.

postsynaptic serotonin receptors

ECT reduces sensitivity of _____, increasing _____ and _____ release.

presynaptic autoreceptors NE DA

ECT is now used in _____.

severe depression | suicidal ideation that requires immediate alleviation

Drug-induced seizures _____.

alleviate depression

Fast TMS (_____) produces effects similar to _____.

transcranial magnetic stimulation | traditional ECT

Deep brain stimulation of the _____ and _____ produces immediate effects in treating depression.

anterior cingulate gyrus | median forebrain bundle

Stimulation of the _____ relieves depression, probably because it increases _____ levels in the cortex.

vagus nerve | GABA

SSRI medications have a _____ between treatment and reduction of symptoms.

long lag time

Studies conclude antidepressants have a __-__% response rate in the primary care setting.

50 | 60

_____ is reduced, fragmented in patients with depression.

Deep SWS

Depressed patients enter _____ quickly, with increased REM sleep in the _____.

REM sleep | first half of the night

SAD is mild depression brought on by _____.

lack of sunlight

_____ in the morning can suppress melatonin, and improve SAD.

Phototherapy

Mania is defined as having _____ and _____ with _____.

excess energy confidence grandiose thinking

Mania is accompanied by _____, _____, and _____.

a decreased need to sleep increased sexual drive drug abuse

Individuals with bipolar disorder alternate between _____ and _____.

depression | mania

Bipolar patients often show _____: delusions, hallucinations, paranoia, bizarre behavior

psychotic symptoms

One gene affected in bipolar disorder is _____.

Clock

Cycle length of bipolar disorder varies from _____ to _____.

days | months

The _____ may be a “depression switch;” its activity varies with _____.

ventral prefrontal cortex | mood state

The ventromedial cortex is up to __% _____ in people who are depressed.

40 | smaller

The number of neurons is normal, but number of _____ falls drastically during depression.

glial cells

Activity increases in the _____ at start of a manic period, so it may be a “_____.”

subgenual prefrontal cortex | bipolar switch

_____ is a mild form of bipolar disorder and is a _____.

Cyclothymia | continuum

Patients with cyclothymia cycle between _____ and _____.

dysthymia (mild depression) | hypomania (increased energy)

A _____ is an intense irrational fear centered on an object, activity, or situation.

phobic disorder

Panic disorder

Recurrent attacks of intense fearfulness.

Generalized anxiety disorder

Persistent and excessive worrying.

Peak onset of OCD is _____.

25 to 44 years of age

Obsessions

Recurrent uncontrollable (irrational) thoughts

Compulsions

Uncontrollable need to perform certain acts over and over (hand-washing, counting rituals, checking doors)

MRN acts with the _____ and _____, mediating _____ and _____.

``` (medial raphe nucleus) limbic system prefrontal cortex fear anxiety ```

OCD patients have increased activity in the _____ and _____.

``` orbital frontal cortex caudate nuclei (basal ganglia) ```

Surgery in OCD patients to disconnect _____ from ____ produces long-lasting improvement.

orbitofrontal cortex | anterior cingulate cortex

Benzodiazepines can treat _____ by binding to _____ to enhance _____.

anxiety GABA receptors GABA inhibitory actions

_____ is increased in the _____ of patients with tourette's syndrome.

Dopamine activity | basal ganglia