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Behavioral Neuroscience > Psychopathology > Flashcards

Psychopathology Flashcards

1
Q

Schizophrenia affects _% of the population.

A

1

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2
Q

The key symptom of schizophrenia is _____, or _____.

A

dissociative thinking

impaired logical thought

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3
Q

Positive symptoms are abnormal behaviors that are gained from schizophrenia and include _____, _____, and _____.

A

Hallucinations
Delusions
Excited motor behavior

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4
Q

Positive symptoms are usually _____ and

more likely to respond to _____.

A

acute

antipsychotic medications

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5
Q

Negative symptoms result from lost functions from schizophrenia and include _____, _____, and _____.

A

Slow thought and speech
Emotional and social withdrawal
Blunted affect or emotional expression

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6
Q

Cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia include _____ and _____.

A

disorganized thoughts

difficulty concentrating/following instructions

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7
Q

Schizophrenia is partly _____.

A

heritable

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8
Q

Pyramidal cells of the hippocampus have a _____ arrangement in schizophrenics.

A

disorganized

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9
Q

The _____ and _____ are smaller in some schizophrenics.

A

hippocampus

amygdala

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10
Q

Schizophrenics have a deficiency of _____, a “stop” signal for migrating cells, particularly in _____ and _____.

A

Reelin
hippocampus
prefrontal areas

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11
Q

Teens with schizophrenia have _____ loss of gray matter in _____ and _____ lobes due to _____.

A

accelerated
frontal
temporal
underactivity

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12
Q

Schizophrenia DA hypothesis

A

Schizophrenia results from excess synaptic dopamine or increased postsynaptic sensitivity to it.

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13
Q

L-dopa treatment for Parkinson’s may produce _____.

A

psychosis

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14
Q

Chronic _____ use produces a schizophrenia-like syndrome.

A

amphetamine

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15
Q

Neuroleptics are _____ antagonists.

A

DA

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16
Q

Treatment of schizophrenia with _____ drugs can produce _____ symptoms.

A

antidopamine

Parkinsonian

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17
Q

Atypical neuroleptic drugs (Risperdal, Abilify) block _____ receptors as well as _____ receptors; some increase dopamine in the _____.

A

serotonin (5HT2)
D2
frontal cortex

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18
Q

Schizophrenia glutamate hypothesis

A

Schizophrenia is due to underactivation of glutamate receptors

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19
Q

PCP is a(n) _____ and prevents glutamate from acting normally.

A

NMDA receptor antagonist

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20
Q

When _____ is prolonged, symptoms like acute schizophrenia emerge.

A

NMDA receptor underactivation

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21
Q

Atypical antipsychotics _____ by downregulating the glutamate transporter gene, which leads to _____.

A

decrease glutamate reuptake

increased glutamate levels

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22
Q

Schizophrenics have overactive _____.

A

endocannabinoids receptors

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23
Q

_____ levels are elevated in CSF of schizophrenics.

A

EC

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24
Q

Symptoms of depression include _____, _____, _____, _____, and _____.

A 
Fatigue / lack of energy
Loss of interest or pleasure in activities
Increased or decreased appetite & weight
Changes in pattern of sleep 
Suicidal thoughts or plans
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25
Q

Depression leads to increased blood flow to the _____ and the ______.

A

orbitofrontal cortex

amygdala

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26
Q

Depression leads to decreased blood flow to areas involving _____ and _____.

A

attention

language

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27
Q

Monoamine hypothesis of depression

A

Depression is due to reduced synaptic activity of norepinephrine and serotonin.

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28
Q

MAO inhibitors inactivate _____.

A

monoamines

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29
Q

Treatment with _____ raises the level of monoamines at the synapse and improves depression.

A

MAO inhibitors

30
Q

Reserpine, a drug which reduces _____, can cause depression.

A

monoamines

31
Q

Antidepressants appear to work via

inhibition of reuptake of _____ or _____.

A

serotonin

NE

32
Q

Antidepressants appear to work via binding to presynaptic _____ or _____ autoreceptors, thus _____.

A

serotonin
NE
enhancing neurotransmitter release

33
Q

Antidepressants appear to work via inhibiting _____, thereby _____.

A

monoamine oxidase

reducing neurotransmitter breakdown

34
Q

Neurogenesis is _____ during antidepressant treatment.

A

enhanced

35
Q

ECT _____ monoamine levels.

A

raises

36
Q

ECT increases sensitivity of _____.

A

postsynaptic serotonin receptors

37
Q

ECT reduces sensitivity of _____, increasing _____ and _____ release.

A

presynaptic autoreceptors
NE
DA

38
Q

ECT is now used in _____.

A

severe depression

suicidal ideation that requires immediate alleviation

39
Q

Drug-induced seizures _____.

A

alleviate depression

40
Q

Fast TMS (_____) produces effects similar to _____.

A

transcranial magnetic stimulation

traditional ECT

41
Q

Deep brain stimulation of the _____ and _____ produces immediate effects in treating depression.

A

anterior cingulate gyrus

median forebrain bundle

42
Q

Stimulation of the _____ relieves depression, probably because it increases _____ levels in the cortex.

A

vagus nerve

GABA

43
Q

SSRI medications have a _____ between treatment and reduction of symptoms.

A

long lag time

44
Q

Studies conclude antidepressants have a __-__% response rate in the primary care setting.

A

50

60

45
Q

_____ is reduced, fragmented in patients with depression.

A

Deep SWS

46
Q

Depressed patients enter _____ quickly, with increased REM sleep in the _____.

A

REM sleep

first half of the night

47
Q

SAD is mild depression brought on by _____.

A

lack of sunlight

48
Q

_____ in the morning can suppress melatonin, and improve SAD.

A

Phototherapy

49
Q

Mania is defined as having _____ and _____ with _____.

A

excess energy
confidence
grandiose thinking

50
Q

Mania is accompanied by _____, _____, and _____.

A

a decreased need to sleep
increased sexual drive
drug abuse

51
Q

Individuals with bipolar disorder alternate between _____ and _____.

A

depression

mania

52
Q

Bipolar patients often show _____: delusions, hallucinations, paranoia, bizarre behavior

A

psychotic symptoms

53
Q

One gene affected in bipolar disorder is _____.

A

Clock

54
Q

Cycle length of bipolar disorder varies from _____ to _____.

A

days

months

55
Q

The _____ may be a “depression switch;” its activity varies with _____.

A

ventral prefrontal cortex

mood state

56
Q

The ventromedial cortex is up to __% _____ in people who are depressed.

A

40

smaller

57
Q

The number of neurons is normal, but number of _____ falls drastically during depression.

A

glial cells

58
Q

Activity increases in the _____ at start of a manic period, so it may be a “_____.”

A

subgenual prefrontal cortex

bipolar switch

59
Q

_____ is a mild form of bipolar disorder and is a _____.

A

Cyclothymia

continuum

60
Q

Patients with cyclothymia cycle between _____ and _____.

A

dysthymia (mild depression)

hypomania (increased energy)

61
Q

A _____ is an intense irrational fear centered on an object, activity, or situation.

A

phobic disorder

62
Q

Panic disorder

A

Recurrent attacks of intense fearfulness.

63
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder

A

Persistent and excessive worrying.

64
Q

Peak onset of OCD is _____.

A

25 to 44 years of age

65
Q

Obsessions

A

Recurrent uncontrollable (irrational) thoughts

66
Q

Compulsions

A

Uncontrollable need to perform certain acts over and over (hand-washing, counting rituals, checking doors)

67
Q

MRN acts with the _____ and _____, mediating _____ and _____.

A 
(medial raphe nucleus)
limbic system
prefrontal cortex
fear
anxiety
68
Q

OCD patients have increased activity in the _____ and _____.

A 
orbital frontal cortex
caudate nuclei (basal ganglia)
69
Q

Surgery in OCD patients to disconnect _____ from ____ produces long-lasting improvement.

A

orbitofrontal cortex

anterior cingulate cortex

70
Q

Benzodiazepines can treat _____ by binding to _____ to enhance _____.

A

anxiety
GABA receptors
GABA inhibitory actions

71
Q

_____ is increased in the _____ of patients with tourette’s syndrome.

A

Dopamine activity

basal ganglia

Behavioral Neuroscience (14 decks)

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